Integrated Model of Municipal Waste Management of the Czech Republic

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1 Iteratoal Cogress o Evrometal Modellg ad Software Brgham Youg Uversty BYU ScholarsArchve 5th Iteratoal Cogress o Evrometal Modellg ad Software - Ottawa, Otaro, Caada - July 2010 Jul 1st, 12:00 AM Itegrated Model of Mucpal Waste Maagemet of the Czech Republc Jří Hřebíček Jaa Soukopová Follow ths ad addtoal works at: Hřebíček, Jří ad Soukopová, Jaa, "Itegrated Model of Mucpal Waste Maagemet of the Czech Republc" (2010). Iteratoal Cogress o Evrometal Modellg ad Software Ths Evet s brought to you for free ad ope access by the Cvl ad Evrometal Egeerg at BYU ScholarsArchve. It has bee accepted for cluso Iteratoal Cogress o Evrometal Modellg ad Software by a authorzed admstrator of BYU ScholarsArchve. For more formato, please cotact scholarsarchve@byu.edu, elle_amatagelo@byu.edu.

2 Iteratoal Evrometal Modellg ad Software Socety (EMSs) 2010 Iteratoal Cogress o Evrometal Modellg ad Software Modellg for Evromet s Sake, Ffth Beal Meetg, Ottawa, Caada Davd A. Swaye, Wahog Yag, A. A. Voov, A. Rzzol, T. Flatova (Eds.) Itegrated Model of Mucpal Waste Maagemet of the Czech Republc J. Hřebíček 1, Jaa Soukopová 2 1 Masaryk Uversty, Isttute of Bostatstcs ad Aalyses, Kamece 125/3, Bro, Czech Republc, hrebcek@ba.mu.cz 2 Masaryk Uversty, Faculty of Ecoomcs ad Admstrato, Lpová 41a, Bro, Czech Republc, soukopova@eco.mu.cz Abstract: A tegrated model of mucpal waste maagemet of the Czech Republc was developed as a balaced etwork model for a set of mucpal sold waste (MSW) sources (mostly mucpaltes) coected wth a set of chose waste treatmet facltes processg ther waste. The model volves compostg, eergy utlsato, materal recyclg, ad lad-fllg. It s mplemeted as a combato of four sub-models (GIS trasport submodel, quatfcato ad composto of MSW sub-models, cost ecoomc sub-models of all facltes ad sub-model optmzg greehouse gases expressed as CO 2 equvalet) ad t s easly scalable. It eables the optmsato of evrometal mpacts (lad-fllg ad greehouse emssos). Its applcato s demostrated the case study as a decso support tool for the plag allocato of potetal facltes of waste recovery stead of lad-fllg. Keywords: tegrated waste maagemet model; mucpal sold waste; waste cost modellg. 1. INTRODUCTION Waste s a uavodable by-product of huma actvtes. Ecoomc developmet, urbasato ad mproved lvg stadards ctes crease the quatty ad complexty of geerated mucpal sold waste (MSW). The decsos the area of MSW maagemet are ot oly very captal-tesve, but also dffcult from evrometal ad socal pots of vew. There s the eed to develop, master ad mplemet smple but relable tools that wll help decso-makers to aalyse waste maagemet processes. Ths paper dscusses a tegrated model of mucpal sold waste maagemet to assst detfyg alteratve MSW maagemet strateges ad plas that meet cost, materal, eergy, ad evrometal emssos objectves of Europea Uo (EU). The MSW s cosdered lke all waste geerated wth the commuty (as well as the source MSW) by the actvtes of habtats (households) ad busesses (e.g. trade waste), whch s separated to ts compoets ad trasported to waste treatmet facltes. The MSW ormally cotas the remas of food ad vegetables, paper, plastc, glass ad metal cotaers, prted matter (ewspapers, magazes, ad books), destroyed products, ashes ad rubbsh, used or uwated cosumer goods, cludg shoes ad clothg. Chose compoets of MSW are collected separately, ad thus, they are balaced separately. The waste (or ts compoets) ca be composted, used as raw materal (paper, plastc, glass, ad metals), used bo-gas, eergy recovery (cerato) plats or ladflled. The separato of ts compoets may take place at the source (separate collecto the mucpaltes) or the facltes. So we defe the dvdual waste streams, whch are mass balacg. Earler ths decade, the developmet of models of waste maagemet bega movg towards the tegrated model waste maagemet (IMWM), whch s desged to mmse

3 J. Hřebíček et al. / Itegrated Model of Waste Maagemet of the Czech Republc the ecoomc costs ad / or evrometal mpacts, see Berger et al. [1999], Wag [2001], Hagh, Shmelev ad Powell, Yeomas [2006]. Cosder the IMWM dscussed by Hřebíček et al. [2009], [2010] whch cossts of the set of MSW sources (mucpaltes) of the Czech Republc coected by the road etwork wth the set of waste treatmet facltes (compostg, bo-gas, mechacal-bologcal treatmet (MBT) ad pre-treatmet of recyclable waste plats, ceratg plats wth eergy recovery (ERP) ad ladflls), where MSW (or ts compoets separated at source) s trasported to chose facltes for recovery or fal dsposal. The materal balace s examed terms of materal flows betwee MSW sources ad waste treatmet facltes. The producto of MSW the Czech Republc s approxmately 3,2 mllo tos of MSW aually ( 2008), ad most (85 percet) s lad-flled. I developg a IMWM for the Czech Republc, we started from the models avalable lterature. Sce the early 1990s, a umber of IMWMs have bee developed, whch were based o lfe cycle aalyss (LCA),.e. materals ad eergy balaces, see McDougall et al. ad Solao et al. [2002]. Most avalable models are statc, respectvely determstc ad quatfy the ucertaty of estmates due to radom ature of put values. Aother dsadvatage of models based oly o the LCA s that they do ot allow optmsg the allocato of waste treatmet facltes from sources ad / or quatfyg the trasport emssos. We tred to reduce the greatest ucertaty of our model by the estmato of the composto of mucpal waste, waste separato, varyg the proporto of resources, varyg quattes of trade waste ad the lke. The developed IMWM for the Czech Republc cossts of the combato of four submodels, where we used followg tools: a) The geographc formato system (GIS) ArcMap, whch computed a trasport matrx lkg the sources MSW ad waste treatmet facltes ad the smple model, whch geerated emssos from the trasport of MSW ad eable to fd the closest faclty. b) The sophstcated model of Hejč et al. [2008] for the determato of the quatty ad composto of MSW at every source (mucpalty) or the database of collected data from aual waste reports of mucpaltes regardg the quatty ad separated compoets of MSW. c) The cost ecoomc sub-models of every type of waste treatmet faclty cludg the geerato of the emssos of MSW treatmet. d) The software LINGO for the carbo emssos optmsato of allocated waste treatmet facltes wth the choce of ether the ecoomc or the evrometal pot of vew. The above IMWM requres crtera (prortsato) from decso-makers (govermet regulators), whch may volve a acceptable level of pollutat emssos ad costs, as well as a reducto of ladscape ad bodversty or prevet a polluto of groudwater ad surface water. Practcally, such optmsato comes to cosderato for regulators whe decdg o localsato of a ew faclty (techology ad capacty) ad / or closure of exstg facltes, the regulato of ther capactes ad the lke. Some chose feasble mmum s usually acceptable for regulator wthout optmsato. 2. TRANSPORT NETWORK MODEL Cosder the MSW flows at the Czech Republc amog all sources (mucpaltes) S, (=1 N), N = ad all waste treatmet facltes F j, (j=1 M), M = 307, where ML = 237 s the umber of ladflls. Cosder these MSW flows a cotuous maer ad mass balace betwee sources ad facltes carry out over a loger perod of tme (aual reportg). We bult the trasport matrx D = {d j }, (NxM), of real trasport dstaces d j (e.g. road maps) amog all sources S ad all facltes F j ad the vector of the dstace dc = {dc } (Nx1) of the source S from ts closest ladfll F c, c {1,, M}.

4 J. Hřebíček et al. / Itegrated Model of Waste Maagemet of the Czech Republc We have used the GIS program ArcMap 9.2 wth ts exteso Network Aalyst 9.2 from ESRI for the aalyss of the closest faclty (e.g. ladflls) to the dvdual sources (mucpaltes). Fgure 1. Map of ladflls of the Czech Republc. The Network Aalyst program eables us to mplemet etworkg aalyss - fdg the shortest path betwee two pots, fdg tme to travel betwee two pots, etc. Users ca create ad mata etwork data sets shape fle, persoal geo-database, ad eterprse geo-database formats. By usg ArcGIS Network Aalyst, we created smple applcatos that provde us trasport dstaces amog all M sources ad N facltes, fd closest facltes, ad create the dstace matrx D ad the vector dc. We used mucpaltes ad roads layers of the Czech Republc for ArcGIS Network Aalyst from the ope-source project FreeGeodataCZ data package. It corporates a advaced coectvty trasport model that ca represet complex scearos, such as multmodal trasportato etworks. 3. MODEL OF QUANTITY AND COMPOSITION OF MSW The developed model of quatty ad composto of MSW s based o the producto of MSW each mucpalty of the Czech Republc ad was publshed by Hejč ad Hřebíček, Hejč et al. [2008]. They descrbed formally the smple model of MSW producto as the fucto of approprate varables takg to accout specfc waste producto, ad local demographc, soco-ecoomc flueces: P = h. spec. std. sz. uemp. hsg. heat, (1) where: P s the amout of the MSW producto of mucpalty per year tos [t]; h s the umber of habtats of mucpalty; spec s the specfc waste producto coeffcet (referece values of other coeffcets), measured tos [t]; std s the stadard of lvg coeffcet; sz s the sze of the commuty coeffcet; uemp s the uemploymet rate coeffcet; hsg s the type of housg (recreato, blocks of flats, empty houses, etc. coeffcet ad heat s the type of heatg coeffcet. The model (1) came wth a fer dvso of demographc, soco-ecoomc mpacts o producto ad treatmet of MSW at the level of dvdual mucpaltes. It eables us to meet the codtos requred by the Mstry of Evromet (MoE) to ht the regoal dmesos (at least at dstrct level) ad, therefore, to meet dfferet mpacts o relatve

5 J. Hřebíček et al. / Itegrated Model of Waste Maagemet of the Czech Republc prces of waste maagemet dfferet regos of the Czech Republc, see Hřebíček et al. [2010]. Ths model was vestgated, calbrated ad verfed for three years the South Morava rego of the Czech Republc, where some of the above varables were optmsed by Hejč et al. [2008], Hejč ad Hřebíček [2008a] wth the smple expresso: x = (act / ref). cx, where x meas a varable from {std, sz, uemp, hsg, heat} ad ref meas a referece value from three year vestgatos; act a actual value from gve year ad cx s the compesator (gve by optmsato process) of the cosdered varable x. The above model (1) calculates the producto P of MSW each mucpalty S based o the adjusted umber of habtats h, the specfc waste producto coeffcet spec ad specfc demographc data reflectg the populato behavour wth respect to MSW maagemet (.e. the type of housg hsg ad other varables std, sz, uemp, heat of mucpalty S ), (=1 N). These data are dowloaded from publcly accessble regsters of the Ceter for Regoal Developmet of the Mstry for Regoal Developmet of the Czech Republc ad the Czech Statstcal Offce. They are updated aually from all mucpaltes the Czech Republc; therefore, the model eables us to calculate the producto of MSW for the gve year wth actual varables (1) ad predct waste producto wth usg the lear model of the Waste Maagemet Pla of the Czech Republc. We were able to calculate waste producto MSW for the year 2008 ad predct the crease of the producto of MSW 2016 ad 2020 years. The valdato ad optmsato of the model (1) outputs - the producto P of MSW - was doe by Hejč ad Hřebíček [2008a] wth the avalable data from the aual reports of mucpaltes S of the South Morava rego; however, aual reports of MSW of S bear some error, whch arose from dfferet data qualtes. The process of the mprovemet of the data qualty of mucpaltes S of the South Morava rego lasted several moths. The data from the aual reports of all mucpaltes about ther waste producto are collected by the Iformato System of Waste Maagemet (ISWM) of the Czech Republc. We used these, but we had to solve the problem wthout complete data, because more tha 500 mucpaltes of the Czech Republc dd ot report ther aual MSW producto to ISWM. So we had to use the model (1) for the calculato of ther mssed MSW producto 2008 ad the predcto of ther MSW producto 2016 ad 2020 years. We have to estmate the MSW composto for the calculato of the amout of separated compoets of MSW at each mucpaltes S to obta the rest PD of MSW P after the separato of recyclable compoets. We used for ths estmato values lsted the Table 1, whch are based o the results of research of Beešová et al. [2009] ad Vraa et al. [2010]. Table 1. MSW composto at the Czech Republc (weght %) Materal The share of materal groups waste (% by weght), average Housg estates Housg estates Mx housg Rural area of bg ctes of small ctes estates of ctes Paper 22,7 22,2 25,6 7,6 Plastcs 13,8 16,8 18,0 9,0 Glass 8,7 6,7 7,6 8,9 Metals 3,4 3,0 3,1 4,5 Bo-waste 18,2 19,6 17,3 6,3 Textle 5,6 6,6 5,1 2,2 Eergy recovery waste 12,4 6,7 7,0 6,2 Uder 20 mm 9,7 8,1 8,2 45,8 Other 5,5 10,3 5,1 9,5 Totally 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 We cosdered values from Table 1 to estmate real quatty of a dsposable producto PD of MSW from the mucpalty S to waste treatmet facltes (ew oes or avalable oes)

6 J. Hřebíček et al. / Itegrated Model of Waste Maagemet of the Czech Republc after separato of recyclable compoets of MSW, whch was estmated by Hejč et al. [2008], Hřebíček et al. [2010]: PD = (1 - sep. wll ) P, (2) where sep s the rato of separato at source S, wll s wllgess to separate MSW (paper, glass, metals, textle ad bo-waste) at mucpalty S (=1 N). Coeffcets sep ad wll came from data of the vestgato of the MoE ad were valdated the South Morava rego by Hejč ad Hřebíček [2008a], Hřebíček et al. [2010]. The model (2) helped us to solve some ucertates stemmg from the dfferet state of populato awareess about MSW maagemet ad estmate the amout of dsposable producto PD of MSW from the mucpalty S to approprate waste treatmet facltes. The MoE has used ths model sce 2009 after several moths revewg process by experts usg Vraa et al. [2010] approach. 4. ECONOMIC MODELS FOR FACILITIES We developed cost ecoomc models for all types of facltes F j (j=1 M),.e. compostg, bogas, MBT ad ERP plats ad ladflls, Hřebíček et al. [2010]. These models are smlar ad we troduced ths ecoomc model for a geerc faclty F. Calculate the prce p of oe t of the waste treatmet at a ew compostg, bo-gas, MBT ad ERP plat F. Ths calculato s based o the facal ad ecoomc aalyss ad facg methods for the measurg the effcecy of vestmet, see Valach [2006], etc. We used the Net Preset Value (NPV) as the basc calculato method for the prce p. NPV I CF ( (3) 1 1 r) where I meas a vestmet expedtures faclty F, CF meas a cash flow geerated the perod, r meas the dscout rate ad meas the lfetme of faclty. To calculate the prce p s assumed that the NPV must be at the tme of retur postve. Thus the basc assumpto was that we set the maxmum acceptable payback perod of vestmet I the faclty F. The = lfetme = payback formula (2). If we assume that CF pk B C u j E T (4) The prce p s defed as T t( pk B C u j E O) ( u j E ) I 1 to B C 1 t (1 t) 1 r 1 (1 ) (1 r) 1 1 p K where B s the total reveue geerated from the faclty the perod, C s the total operatg costs arsg from the faclty durg the perod, K meas the capacty of the faclty, T meas a tax o come arsg from the faclty durg the perod, u meas the terest due o loas for the perod, j meas repaymet of prcpal o loas for the perod ad E meas the costs of emsso allowaces for the perod. meas the perod (year) from 0 to meas lfetme ad also payback of the faclty (5) (6)

7 J. Hřebíček et al. / Itegrated Model of Waste Maagemet of the Czech Republc It s clear that dfferet facltes wll have dfferet costs, comes, vestmets, etc. For each-metoed faclty F j (compostg, bo-gas, MBT ad ERP plats, ad ladflls) we developed ecoomc sub-models for the costructo of the prce p j of the gve faclty F j (j=1 M). These models were based o the real level of vestmet, operatg expeses, operatg comes, terest o loas, capacty of faclty ad emssos, Hřebíček et al. [2010]. The ecoomc model of ladfll was evaluated based o the average prce of all ladflls the Czech Republc because the stadard devato of prces was less tha 10 percet. 5. CARBON EMISSION MODEL Reducg greehouse gas emssos s a mportat socal topc the Czech Republc-- partcularly the suppresso of ladfll methae emssos. Total emssos of CO 2 equvalet wll have to be sgfcatly reduced the waste maagemet sector. I developg the carbo emsso model, we have cofed ourselves to mmse greehouse gas emssos the trasportato, compostg, cerato ad lad-fllg MSW. Modellg of these emssos s a stadard part of the LCA models of MSW maagemet, so that Solao et al. [2002], there are emsso factors. Ths meas that the emsso factors, ut fuel cosumpto, eergy prces, waste categorsato ad other parameters are fxed set accordg to the Czech Republc where the IMWM was costructed. Moreover, users are ot accessble to balace relatoshps, the models developed above do ot optmse traffc ad are strctly determstc (do ot take to accout radom varatos of put data ad ucertaty of adjustable parameters). Besdes the mass-flow models, there are also above ecoomc models that ca descrbe the system of ut costs ad to exame the mpact of ecoomc strumets; therefore, the carbo emsso model was smply trasformed to the above ecoomc model by replacg the ut cost of emsso factors. Because the model allows us to sert dvdual emsso factors, whch deped o the waste treatmet techology ad ts optmal use, t s possble by aalogy to coduct ecoomc optmsato wth regard to the cost of waste treatmet facltes; however, the data for ew facltes are ot avalable to the regulator (MoE) ad ca be obtaed oly from the operators (or potetal vestors at prepared facltes) or expert estmatos. 6. INTEGRATION OF SUB-MODELS INTO INTEGRATED MODEL OF WASTE MANAGEMENT The above chapters troduced shortly four developed dfferet sub-models eeded for the regulato of waste maagemet of the Czech Republc ad a decso support of the allocato of subsdes from EU. We used propertes of the MS Excel spreadsheet for the tegrato of above sub-models to oe of the IMWMs for the Czech Republc to evaluate cost ad prce relatoshps for the mucpal waste maagemet of the coutry. Ths mplemetato of IMWM eables the cetral opto of the set of the put ecoomc parameters of the model at the sgle cotrol sheet of the MS Excel wth tercoected sheets, where we mplemeted above sub-models: a) the sheet (table) of soco-demographc varables h, std, sz, uemp, heat, hsg, sep, wll of all mucpaltes S of the Czech Republc eeded to calculate the outputs P ad PD, (=1 N), of the model (1), (2), b) the sheet wth the dyamcally calculated the vector dc of the dstace dc of source S from the closest ladfll F c by Network Aalyst program, ad the cost CTF of waste treatmet of PD at the ladfll F c together wth the cost CTE of trasport to ths faclty cludg carbo emssos cost, (=1 N), c) the sheets of ecoomc models (6) of (plaed ad curret) waste treatmet facltes F j wth dyamcally calculated prces p j cludg costs of caro emsso, (j = 1 M), d) the sheet wth dyamcally calculated a potetal amout of MSW from the collectg waste area of the faclty F j (j=1 M), where the collectg waste area cossts of the mucpaltes, where are cheaper costs (CTF + CTE ) to the closest approprate faclty tha oes to the closest ladfll,

8 J. Hřebíček et al. / Itegrated Model of Waste Maagemet of the Czech Republc e) the sheet of ma commucato terface the IMWM, where the put ecoomc varables together wth the allocato of ew facltes are set up wth further optos requred for the model. Decsos makers of the MoE were able to use ths IMWM to allocate subsdes from EU to vestors of potetal facltes to decle MSW from ladflls to ew facltes (ERP ad MBT). They could choose puts: the lst of K plaed facltes F s (s = 1 K) (they are coected wth ther ecoomc models); ther commo payback; commo value-added tax; chose percetage of subsdy; charge of ladfllg ad ladfll reclamato. They obtaed outputs of ths model, where were prces p s of waste treatmet at plaed facltes F s, ad calculated prces CT = (CTF + CTE ) for all mucpaltes S, (=1 N) of the Czech Republc whch wll pay for the treatmet of MSW. 7. CASE STUDY FOR ALLOCATION OF NEW FACILITIES We wll llustrate the IMWM applcato to motor total cost ad prcg relatoshps waste maagemet for the Czech Republc. The IMWM was appled to estmate prce load per capta at every MSW source S, (=1 N) ad total cost ad prcg relatoshps the waste maagemet of the Czech Republc, depedg o plaed EU subsdes to ew allocated facltes (ERP ad MBT) cludg the total amout MSW decled from ladflls to these facltes. The IMWM was used for 36 dfferet scearos of subsdy schemes to splt the amout of subsdy of EU structured fuds for the vestmet of 12 possble allocatos of mechacal bologcal treatmet (MBT) plats ad cerato plats wth eergy recovery (ERP). We modelled: total plaed EU subsdes to ew allocated facltes (ERP ad MBT); the quatty of MSW whch s avalable for each faclty comparso wth ts plaed capacty; ad the prce load per capta (average ad maxmum) of MSW treatmet for the Czech Republc. The Table 2 shows the outputs of the model,.e. prces ( CZK Czech Crows) of waste treatmet of 1 to MSW at plaed faclty (ERP ad MBT) of gve capacty wth respect to cosdered EU subsdes. Table 2. Prces of waste treatmet of 1 to at faclty ad average prce per capta. ERP capacty per year MBT capacty per year Prce per capta EU subsdy 100 kt 200 kt 80 kt 100 kt average 20% CZK CZK CZK CZK 740 CZK 30% CZK CZK CZK CZK 733 CZK 40% CZK 912 CZK CZK CZK 719 CZK 8. CONCLUSIONS The tegrated waste maagemet model of the Czech Republc s troduced the paper. The model was mplemeted wth usg MS Excel as the combato of the tools: GIS Network Aalyser, sophstcated sub-model calculatg MSW producto ad separato of ts compoet at all mucpaltes of the Czech Republc, cost ecoomc sub-models of all facltes cludg carbo emsso. It eables to optmse evrometal mpacts (lad-fllg ad greehouse emssos). Its applcato was used as the decso support tool of the MoE the case study of optmsg EU subsdes to the plag allocato of ew waste treatmet facltes (ERP ad MBT) wth respect to expeses per capta of waste maagemet of the Czech Republc. REFERENCES Beešová, L., Haťuková, P., Čerík, B. ad Kotoulová, Z., Mucpal Waste Evrometal ad Socal Problems Future. I The Twety-Fourth Iteratoal

9 J. Hřebíček et al. / Itegrated Model of Waste Maagemet of the Czech Republc Coferece o Sold Waste Techology ad Maagemet, Phladelpha, PA, U.S.A. ( ) Berger C., Savard G., Wsere A., EUGENE: a optmsato model for tegrated regoal sold waste maagemet plag, Iteratoal Joural of Evromet ad Polluto, 12(2/3), , FreeGeodataCZ, Hagh M. et al., EPIC/CSR Itegrated Waste Maagemet Tool: Evrometal Aalyss Model, Evromet ad Plastcs Idustry Coucl ad CSR: Corporatos Supportg Recyclg, Verso: Release , Hejč, M., Hřebíček, J., Prmary Evrometal Data Qualty Model: Proposal of a Prototype of Model Cocept. I Proceedgs of the EMSs Fourth Beal Meetg: Iteratoal Cogress o Evrometal Modellg ad Software (EMSs 2008). Barceloa, Cataloa : Iteratoal Evrometal Modellg ad Software Socety (EMSs), p , Hejč, M., Hřebíček, J., Evrometal Reportg Iformato Qualty Compaes of the South Morava Rego. I Sustaablty Accoutg ad Reportg o Mcro ad Macro-Ecoomcal Level. Pardubce: Uversty of Pardubce, pp , 2008a. Hejč, M., Horsák, Z., Hřebíček, J., Iformato Tools for Supportg Implemetato of Itegrated Waste Maagemet System the Framework of the Czech Republc. I EvroIfo Evrometal Iformatcs ad Idustry Ecology. Aache, Germay : Shaker Verlag, p , Hřebíček, J., Fredma, B., Hejč, M., Horsák, Z., Chudárek, T., Kala, J., Plar, F., Itegrated waste maagemet system at regoal level ( Czech), Lttera, 202 p., Hřebíček, J., Hejč, M., Soukopová, J., Aalyss of Cost ad Prce Relatoshp the Waste Maagemet of the Czech Republc ( Czech). Research report. Mstry of Evromet of the Czech Republc. Jauary McDougall, F., Thomas, B. ad Dryer, A., Lfe Cycle Assessmet for sustaable sold waste maagemet - a troducto. Wastes Maagemet, May 2002, 43-45, Network Aalyst, Rath, S., Optmsato model for tegrated mucpal sold waste maagemet Mumba, Ida. Evromet ad Developmet Ecoomcs 12(1), , Solao, E., Rajtha, S.R., Barlaz, M.A. ad Brll, E.D., Lfe-Cycle-based Sold Waste Maagemet. I: Model Developmet. Joural Evrometal Egeerg 128(10), , Shmelev, S. E., Powell, J. R., Ecologcal-ecoomc modellg for strategc regoal waste maagemet systems, Ecologcal Ecoomcs, 59 (1), , Valach, J., Ivestmet decsos ad log-term facg ( Czech), Ekopress, Vraa, I. et al., A New Fuzzy Group Cosesus-based Approach for Mult-aspect Evrometal Decso Makg. Evrometal Modellg & Software. (to appear), Wag F.S., Determstc ad stochastc smulatos for sold waste collecto systems A SWIM approach, Evrometal Modellg ad Assessmet, 6(4), , Yeomas J.S., Applcato of Smulato-Optmsato Methods Evrometal Polcy Plag Uder Ucertaty, Evrometal Iformatcs Archves, 4, , 2006.