Lower Fraser River Sockeye Recreational Hook and Release Mortality Study

Transcription

1 Lower Fraser River Sockeye Recreatioal Hook ad Release Mortality Study Fial Ivestigatios ito Short-term (0 to 4 h) Hookig Mortality of Sockeye (Ocorhychus erka) Caught ad Released at Grassy Bar, Fraser River, British Columbia, 011 Prepared for: Fraser Salmo ad Watersheds Program (joitly maaged by the Pacific Salmo Foudatio ad Fraser Basi Coucil) ad Fisheries ad Oceas Caada, Lower Fraser Area Prepared by: J. O. Thomas ad B. Cahusac J. O. Thomas ad Associates Ltd Kooteay Street Vacouver, BC V5K 4R1 February

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3 011 Lower Fraser River Sockeye Recreatioal Hook ad Release Mortality Study Fial Ivestigatios ito Short-term (0 to 4 h) Hookig Mortality of Sockeye (Ocorhychus erka) Caught ad Released at Grassy Bar, Fraser River, British Columbia, 011 Prepared for: Fraser Salmo ad Watersheds Program (joitly maaged by the Pacific Salmo Foudatio ad Fraser Basi Coucil) ad Fisheries ad Oceas Caada, Lower Fraser Area Prepared by: J. O. Thomas ad B. Cahusac J. O. Thomas ad Associates Ltd Kooteay Street Vacouver, BC V5K 4R1 February 01

4 Fial Ivestigatios ito Short-term (0 to 4 h) Hookig Mortality of Sockeye (Ocorhychus erka) Caught ad Released at Grassy Bar, Fraser River, British Columbia, 011. J. O. Thomas ad Associates Ltd. February 01, Fraser Salmo ad Watersheds Program ad Fisheries ad Oceas Caada. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publicatio may be reproduced, stored i a retrieval system, or trasmitted, i ay form or by ay meas, electroic, mechaical, photocopyig, recordig, or otherwise, without prior permissio from the Pacific Salmo Foudatio, Fraser Salmo ad Watersheds Program, Vacouver, BC. ad Fisheries ad Oceas Caada, Lower Fraser Area, Delta, BC. Recommeded citatio: J. O. Thomas ad B. Cahusac. 01. Fial Ivestigatios ito Short-term (0 to 4 h) Hookig Mortality of Sockeye (Ocorhychus erka) Caught ad Released at Grassy Bar, Fraser River, British Columbia, 011. Report prepared for the Fraser Salmo ad Watersheds Program (joitly maaged by the Pacific Salmo Foudatio ad the Fraser Basi Coucil) ad Fisheries ad Oceas Caada, Lower Fraser Area. February 01, viii + 59 pp. Iset photo (previous page): Thomas, J. O. Voluteer aglers bottom bouce fishig at Grassy Bar, Fraser River, British Columbia. August 010. For further iformatio about this documet ad about the Pacific Salmo Foudatio (PSF) ad the Fraser Salmo ad Watersheds Program (FSWP) cotact: Pacific Salmo Foudatio # West 7th Aveue Vacouver, BC V6J 4S6 Tel: Fax: Geeral salmo@psf.ca This address is beig protected from spambots. You eed JavaScript eabled to view it. Web: For further iformatio about Fisheries ad Oceas Caada, Lower Fraser Area cotact: Fisheries ad Oceas Caada Lower Fraser Area 100 Aacis Parkway, Uit 3 Delta, BC V3M 6A Tel: Fax: Web:

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS... i LIST OF FIGURES... ii LIST OF TABLES... ii LIST OF APPENDICES - FIGURES AND TABLES... iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... vii INTRODUCTION... 1 METHODS... 3 STUDY AREA... 3 DATA COLLECTION... 3 Agled (Experimetal) Group... 3 Aglig Catch ad Effort... 3 Sockeye Hadlig ad Trasport... 4 Sockeye Holdig ad Release... 5 Beach Seied (Referece) Group... 6 Beach Seie Catch ad Effort... 6 Sockeye Hadlig ad Trasport... 7 Sockeye Holdig ad Release... 7 Necropsies... 7 Physiological Samplig, DNA, ad Radio-taggig... 7 Evirometal Data... 8 ANALYSIS OF MORTALITY DATA... 8 Hookig Mortality Rate... 8 Factors Ifluecig Mortality... 9 RESULTS... 9 SUMMARY BY TREATMENT GROUP Agled (Experimetal) Group Catch, Fishig Effort ad Mortality Sockeye Hadlig ad Trasport Hookig Locatios ad Aglig-related Factors Beach Seie (Referece) Group... 1 Catch, Effort ad Mortality... 1 Sockeye Hadlig ad Trasport... 1 i

6 FISH CONDITION FISH SIZE HOOKING MORTALITY ESTIMATES FACTORS INFLUENCING MORTALITY Aglig-related Factors Number of Fish Held Temporal Factors Evirometal Factors PHYSIOLOGY AND RADIO TAGGING DISCUSSION RECOMMENDATIONS AND LIMITATIONS... 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS... 4 REFERENCES... 6 APPENDICES LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Frequecy distributio of agler play time ad trasport hadlig time to holdig pes for sockeye hooked i a bottom bouce hook-ad-release study at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i Figure. Daily umber of fish held for 4 h observatio i the et pes ad observed mortalities (bars) compared to mea daily water temperatures from i-situ data loggers located i-river ear the aglig site ad the holdig et pe (lies) at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i Figure study team ad voluteer aglers LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Descriptive statistics for catch ad short-term (0 4 h) mortality of sockeye caught by bottom bouce gear at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 010, by primary hookig locatio Table. Compariso of fish coditio at time of capture (A) ad at time of release after the 4 h holdig period (B) for sockeye agled by bottom bouce gear (agled group) ad captured by beach seie (referece group) at Grassy Bar, Fraser River, i Table 3. Compariso of estimates of short-term (0 to 4 h) catch-ad-release mortality of sockeye salmo at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 010, 009 ad 008, usig bottom bouce gear, ucorrected ad corrected for hadlig mortality usig a adjusted rate estimator. The 95% cofidece iterval (95% CI) for the adjusted ii

7 rate estimator is provided i paretheses. Mortalities are provided by umber () ad percet Table 4. Pearso s chi-square, Likelihood Ratios, ad Fisher s Exact Test results ad Odds Ratios (OR) assessig various aglig-related factors, fish holdig desities, ad temporal biases ifluecig the short-term (0 to 4 h) mortality of sockeye caught with bottom bouce gear at Grassy Bar, Fraser River i 010. Factors that sigificatly iflueced mortality are i bold. Codig for idepedet variables is show i paretheses LIST OF APPENDICES - FIGURES AND TABLES Appedix 1 Study locatio maps. Appedix 1 - Figure 1. Detailed orthophoto mosaic map of the geeral locatio of the lower Fraser River Sockeye Recreatioal Hook ad Release Mortality Study showig boat access at Islad Park, the Grassy Bar study site ad alterate et pe site at Calamity Bar. Fraser River flows southwest Appedix 1 - Figure. Detailed orthophoto mosaic map of the Grassy Bar study site for the lower Fraser River Sockeye Recreatioal Hook ad Release Mortality Study showig the primary aglig site (red) ad the locatio of the holdig et pes (blue). Fraser River flows southwest Appedix Data forms. Appedix - Figure 1. Daily Ecouter Form Agled Group Appedix - Figure. Idividual Sockeye Ladig Form (Agled Group) Appedix - Figure 3. Holdig Form (Agled ad Beach Seie Groups) Appedix - Figure 4. Beach Seie Daily Summary Form Appedix - Figure 5. Necropsy Form Appedix - Figure 6. Diagrammatic view of a salmoid head illustratig hook ijury locatios adapted from Mogillo (1984) Appedix 3 Catch summaries. Appedix 3 - Table 1. Agled group catch summary for sockeye by date ad study week at Grassy Bar, Fraser River, Appedix 3 - Table. Beach seie (referece group) catch summary by date, study week ad species at Grassy Bar, Fraser River, iii

8 Appedix 4 - Adjusted mortality rate estimates by hookig locatio ad idividual aglig-related factor. Appedix 4 - Table 1. Adjusted estimates of short-term (0 to 4 h) catch-ad-release hookig mortality rates of sockeye salmo at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 010, usig bottom bouce gear, corrected for trasport/hadlig mortality. The umber of fish hooked, the release coditio after the 4 h holdig period ad the percet i the sample are preseted for the primary hookig locatios (iside mouth, maxillary boe, or other outside mouth) ad specific hookig locatio. 95% cofidece itervals (95% CI) are provided Appedix 4 - Table. Adjusted estimates of short-term (0 to 4 h) catch-ad-release hookig mortality rates of sockeye salmo at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 010, usig bottom bouce gear, corrected for hadlig mortality. The umber of fish hooked, the release coditio after the 4 h holdig period ad the percet i the sample are preseted for the primary hookig locatios (iside mouth, maxillary boe, or other outside mouth) ad leader legth (feet). 95% cofidece itervals (95% CI) are provided Appedix 4 - Table 3. Adjusted estimates of short-term (0 to 4 h) catch-ad-release hookig mortality rates of sockeye salmo at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 010, usig bottom bouce gear, corrected for hadlig mortality. The umber of fish hooked, the release coditio after the 4 h holdig period ad the percet i the sample are preseted for the primary hookig locatios (iside mouth, maxillary boe, or other outside mouth) ad hook size. 95% cofidece itervals (95% CI) are provided Appedix 4 - Table 4. Adjusted estimates of short-term (0 to 4 h) catch-ad-release hookig mortality rates of sockeye salmo at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 010, usig bottom bouce gear, corrected for hadlig mortality. The umber of fish hooked, the release coditio after the 4 h holdig period ad the percet i the sample are preseted for the primary hookig locatios (iside mouth, maxillary boe, or other outside mouth) ad amout of bleedig at time of capture. 95% cofidece itervals (95% CI) are provided Appedix 4 - Table 5. Adjusted estimates of short-term (0 to 4 h) catch-ad-release hookig mortality rates of sockeye salmo at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 010, usig bottom bouce gear, corrected for hadlig mortality. The umber of fish hooked, the release coditio after the 4 h holdig period ad the percet i the sample are preseted for the primary hookig locatios (iside mouth, maxillary boe, or other outside mouth) ad amout of scale loss. 95% cofidece itervals (95% CI) are provided Appedix 4 - Table 6. Adjusted estimates of short-term (0 to 4 h) catch-ad-release hookig mortality rates of sockeye salmo at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 010, usig bottom bouce gear, corrected for hadlig mortality. The umber of fish hooked, the release coditio after the 4 h holdig period ad the percet i the sample are preseted for the primary hookig locatios (iside mouth, maxillary boe, or other outside mouth) ad size of castig weight (ouces). 95% cofidece itervals (95% CI) are provided iv

9 Appedix 4 - Table 7. Adjusted estimates of short-term (0 to 4 h) catch-ad-release hookig mortality rates of sockeye salmo at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 010, usig bottom bouce gear, corrected for hadlig mortality. The umber of fish hooked, the release coditio after the 4 h holdig period ad the percet i the sample are preseted for fish that were beached or ot beached at time of capture. 95% cofidece itervals (95% CI) are provided Appedix 4 - Table 8. Adjusted estimates of short-term (0 to 4 h) catch-ad-release hookig mortality rates of sockeye salmo at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 010, usig bottom bouce gear, corrected for hadlig mortality. The umber of fish hooked, the release coditio after the 4 h holdig period ad the percet i the sample are preseted for fish that exhibited predator wouds at time of capture. 95% cofidece itervals (95% CI) are provided Appedix 5 Water temperatures ad levels. Appedix 5 - Figure 1. Compariso of holdig pe (dashed) ad aglig site (solid) water temperatures recorded every 15 miutes at Grassy Bar, Fraser River, 011 (lower plot). The upper plot shows deviatio of the holdig pe water temperature from that of the aglig site Appedix 5 - Figure. Compariso of water levels (m) i the Fraser River at Hope, BC (08MF005), from August 1 to September 4 for each of the four study years; 008 to 011, compared to the historical mea (191 to 010) Appedix 6 Study photos. Appedix 6 - Figure 1. High water i the Fraser River i 011 resulted i sigificat erosio of the baks o Grassy Bar ad loss of beachfrot. (photo: Jim Thomas) Appedix 6 - Figure. Bak erosio ear the dowstream edge of the bar caused by high water i the Fraser River i 011. (photo: Jim Thomas) Appedix 6 - Figure 3. Typical bottom bouce gear (photo: Cathy Ball) Appedix 6 - Figure 4. High water i 011 resulted i agler crowdig o the beach (photo: Jim Thomas) Appedix 6 - Figure 5. Typical hookig locatio (left maxillary) observed i the recreatioal sockeye bottom bouce fishery at Grassy Bar, Fraser River (photo: Bill Otway) Appedix 6 - Figure 6. Chiook catches by aglers were promiet i 011 (photo: Jim Thomas) Appedix 6 - Figure 7. Holdig pes ad predator et cofiguratio i the side chael situated at the souther (dowstream) ed of Grassy Bar, Fraser River (photo: Jim Thomas) Appedix 6 - Figure 8. Release of a live, vigorous sockeye after the 4 h holdig period (photo: Cathy Ball) v

10 Appedix 6 - Figure 9. Aglers were required to fish dowstream durig beach seiig operatios (photo: Jim Thomas) Appedix 6 - Figure 10. Beach seiig for referece group fish (photo: Cathy Ball) Appedix 6 - Figure 11. Nodestructive physiological samplig of a hooked ad laded sockeye (photo: Cathy Ball) Appedix 6 - Figure 1. Isertio of a micro-coded radio tag ito the stomach of a captured sockeye. (photo: Jim Thomas) Appedix 6 - Figure 13. Mobile trackig of a radio-tagged ad released sockeye (photo: Jim Thomas) Appedix 7 Fraser River sockeye escapemet ad abudace estimates. Appedix 7 - Figure 1. Fraser River sockeye timig ad daily escapemet estimates (smoothed) past Missio, British Columbia, by major stock group (Jue 0 to October 3, 010) Appedix 7 - Table 1. Daily ad weekly study period estimates of sockeye abudace at Grassy Bar, Fraser River based o estimates of sockeye migratig past Missio from August 9 to August 7, 010. (Source: Pacific Salmo Commissio, October 18, 010). The umber of sockeye hooked i the study ad the percet of hooked to migratig sockeye are preseted Appedix 8 Newcombe-Wilso hybrid score cofidece iterval derivatio. Appedix 8-1. Derivatio of Newcombe-Wilso hybrid score cofidece itervals for the differece betwee two biomial proportios vi

11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The o-tidal portio of the Lower Fraser River supports a substatial recreatioal fishery durig the summer whe chiook (Ocorhychus tschawytscha), sockeye (O. erka), ad pik salmo (O. gorbuscha) (i odd years) are migratig upstream. Bottom boucig is the predomiat aglig techique for sockeye i the Fraser River. Sockeye retetio periods vary iter-aually ad rage from less tha oe week to several weeks, depedig o sockeye abudace ad co-migratig stocks of cocer. A estimated 786,100 sockeye have bee harvested i the Fraser River recreatioal fishery over the last 1 years. Although this fishery is primarily a catchad-keep (CK) fishery, a additioal 506,800 sockeye have bee estimated to have bee released over the same time period with almost oe-fifth (100,900) of this amout occurrig i 010 aloe (Fisheries ad Oceas Caada website Pacific Regio Fraser River Area Recreatioal Fisheries - Fraser River Creel Survey Results). Based o these umbers, the ability to estimate the impacts of catch-adrelease of sockeye i the Fraser River bottom bouce fishery is importat to the successful maagemet ad coservatio of these stocks ad yet, prior to 008, o studies had bee coducted to estimate catch-ad-release (CR) mortality i this fishery. This report details the methods ad results from the fial year of a four year study to quatify short-term (0 4 h) mortality rates of agled sockeye salmo usig bottom bouce gear i a typical Fraser River recreatioal fishery. Aalysis of the ifluece of aglig-related, temporal, ad evirometal variables o mortality are icluded. This year s study was coducted usig voluteer aglers over 15 days betwee August 15 ad September, 011 at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River. I total, the study collected ad aalyzed data from 4 hooked ad laded sockeye (agled treatmet group) ad 6 sockeye captured by beach seie (referece treatmet group). All captured sockeye i the study were Floy tagged ad held i et pes for a miimum of 4 h prior to release back ito the river. Net pes were situated i a protected side chael close to the aglig site. Primary hookig locatios were observed to be o the outside of the mouth, head, or body (87% of all laded sockeye). Of this group, most were specifically hooked i the left maxillary boe (7%). Approximately 1% of the hooked fish exhibited bleedig at the time of capture. However, all sockeye that were hooked ad released alive after beig held 4 h i the et pes, showed o sigs of bleedig ad all but three (1.%) were released i vigorous coditio. Total mortality was calculated usig a simple adjusted (additive fiite) method where the hookig mortality is computed as the differece betwee the mortality rate observed i the hooked group of sockeye ad the mortality rate observed i the referece group (after Nelso 1998, Wilde et al. 003, Wilde ad Pope 008, Millard et al. 003, 005). Four mortalities from the agled group were observed i the 011 study, resultig i a estimated short-term (0 to 4 h) catch-ad-release mortality of 1.7% with 95% cofidece itervals of 0 to 4.%. Similar mortality rates of 1.4%, 1.7%, ad.4%, were foud i the 008, 009, ad 010 studies; respectively. Of vii

12 the four fish that died i the 011 study, two were iitially hooked through the left maxillary boe, ad two were hooked o the vetral surface, posterior to the head. Cause of death was associated with arterial damage caused by the hook to the gills (maxillary hookig) or to the heart (vetral hookig). No mortalities were observed i the referece group (beach seied). Radio-taggig of idividual sockeye was also udertake durig the hook ad release study by a joit research team from Carleto Uiversity (Ottawa) ad the Uiversity of British Columbia (Vacouver). Trackig ad aalysis of radio-tagged sockeye will provide isights ito migratio routes ad timig, loger-term postcapture survival ad stock compositio (from DNA tissue sample aalysis). Results from the 010 ad 011 studies are pedig ad are aticipated to be published i separate reports. The results preseted i this report are specific to the evirometal coditios, stock assemblages, fishig locatio, fishig effort, agler profile, capture techiques ad time periods discussed. Mortality rates preseted are short-term (0 to 4 h) estimates oly. Our study provides some discussio but does ot coclude what the log-term or cumulative effects associated with hookig, hadlig or holdig have o ultimate survival or successful spawig of sockeye ecoutered i the study. viii

13 INTRODUCTION The o-tidal portio of the Lower Fraser River (from Chilliwack to Hope, British Columbia) supports a substatial recreatioal fishery durig the summer whe adult chiook (Ocorhychus tschawytscha), sockeye (O. erka), ad pik salmo (O. gorbuscha) (i odd years) are migratig upstream to spaw. Sockeye retetio fishig periods vary iter-aually ad rage from less tha oe week to several weeks, depedig o iseaso estimates of sockeye abudace. If abudace permits a fishery, the regulatios have geerally allowed the daily harvest of two () sockeye. While these regulatios offer a traditioal catch-ad-keep (CK) fishery, the catch-ad-release (CR) of sockeye is also commo for aglers that have either reached their daily limit or choose to release udersized fish, whe fish are begiig to display secodary sexual characteristics, or durig other recreatioal fishery opeigs where sockeye are o-target species (Kristiaso ad Strogitharm 006). As a result, substative umbers of sockeye ca be released i this fishery. Betwee 000 ad 011, DFO creel surveys have estimated a total harvest of close to 786,100 sockeye i the Fraser River summer recreatioal fishery ad a additioal release of almost 506,800 sockeye (this icludes sockeye hooked durig directed chiook fisheries) (Source: Fisheries ad Oceas Caada website). Fraser River sockeye do ot actively feed just prior to ad durig the freshwater stage of their adult spawig migratio (Brett 1995; Hich et al. 006). As a result of this, the predomiat aglig techique to catch sockeye i the Fraser River bar fishery is bottom boucig (also kow as flossig ). Bottom boucig employs log leaders (usually greater tha 3 meters i legth) ad barbless J-shaped hooks, commoly sized 1/0 to 4/0. Ofte the hook is baited with wool ad/or a brightly coloured corkie. The gear is cast ito the river with a weightig system that bouces o the river bottom. As the lie drifts or travels alog the river bottom, the leader/hook combiatio drags ear the body of restig or swimmig salmo. Frequetly the lie passes ear the head ad flosses through the mouth causig the lie to stop or hesitate. The agler reacts to this hesitatio by abruptly draggig back o the lie causig the hook to embed ito the salmo. The primary hookig locatio is ofte o the left side of the salmo i the upper jaw (maxillary boe) (J. O. Thomas ad Associates 009, 010, 011). Other hookig locatios outside the mouth or head ad occasioally iside the mouth are possible, however they have bee observed much less frequetly. Other salmo species such as chiook, coho, ad pik (usually oly i odd years ad whe abudat) are also caught usig this method. Capture i ay recreatioal fishery ca result i a umber of cosequeces to the physical ad physiological coditio of the fish. For example: hookig ijuries, bleedig, scale loss, fi frayig, tissue abrasio, mucous loss, ad sub-dermal ijuries ca be commo durig the hookig, fightig, ladig, uhookig, ad release procedures. Recovery from these ijuries as well as the physiological chages that occur durig ad after capture ca lead to premature mortality. It has bee speculated, ad substatiated to some degree durig the first three years of this study, that hookig ad release of sockeye i a bottom bouce fishery results i very low mortality rates. Give the substatial umbers of sockeye that ca be hooked 1

14 ad released durig this fishery, it is importat to quatify what the mortality is ad uderstad what factors ifluece it. I order to estimate mortality rates i this fishery, the first of a series of studies was coducted i 008, primarily to establish a approved sample desig ad gather ad aalyze CR data origiatig from a typical bottom bouce fishery targetig sockeye i the Fraser River (J. O. Thomas ad Associates 009). Aalysis of data collected i the 008 study suggested that the locatio ad degree of the hookig ijuries results i very low short-term mortality. The mortality rate i the study was estimated to be 1.% with 95% cofidece itervals of betwee 0 ad 4.1% (J. O. Thomas ad Associates 009). A secod study was repeated durig August 009 usig similar methodology ad procedures as described i the 008 report. Short-term mortality rates i the 009 study were very similar to those see i 008 with a estimated mortality rate of 1.7% (95% C.I.: 0 to 4.0%) (J. O. Thomas ad Associates 010). I additio to collectig basic CR data ad estimatig short-term mortality rates, physiological samplig ad radio-taggig was also coducted cocurretly o a cross-sectio of sockeye captured durig the 009 study. Radio-taggig ad physiological samplig was coordiated by Michael R. Doaldso (Ph.D.) ad his research team at the Cetre for Applied Coservatio Research, Forest Scieces Cetre, Uiversity of British Columbia. No-destructive ad destructive physiological samplig was coducted to gather iformatio related to stress levels, chages i osmolality, DNA, ad eergy reserves from sockeye i each of the capture treatmet groups as well as the agled sockeye after 4 h recovery i the et pes. The radio telemetry compoet was added i 009 i order to collect additioal iformatio related to stock idetificatio, migratio timig, ad ultimate fate of some of the idividual sockeye captured i the study. Prelimiary summaries of the physiological samplig coducted durig 008 ad the radio telemetry results from 009 were preseted i the 009 fial report. A more complete reportig of these compoets was compiled i a joural report ad published by the UBC research team (Doaldso et al. 011). The third year of the study was coducted over three weeks i August 010. A record retur of over 30 millio Fraser River sockeye was witessed i 010. A total of 379 sockeye were hooked i the study ad resultig short-term mortality rates were agai foud to be a relatively low.4% (95% C.I.: 0 to 4.5%). Cocurret radiotaggig ad physiological samplig was agai coducted by Michael R. Doaldso (Ph.D.) ad his UBC research team usig a variety of treatmet groups testig revival techiques o agled sockeye. The fourth ad fial year of the study was coducted i August ad early September 011 with similar methodology ad procedures used durig the three previous study years; the primary goal remaiig to ivestigate ad estimate short-term mortality rates of sockeye i the bottom bouce fishery. Additioal radio taggig was also coducted separately by Graham D. Raby, a Ph.D. cadidate at Carleto Uiversity (Ottawa) ad a joit Carleto/UBC research team. The radio-taggig compoet was similar to the 010 study ad focused o the agled sockeye ad treatmet groups that tested the use of various revival techiques o loger term survival. The followig report details the methodology ad results of the CR ad short-term mortality compoet of the 011 study. It is specific to the evirometal coditios,

15 stock assemblages, fishig locatio, fishig effort, agler profile, capture techiques ad time periods discussed. Mortality rates preseted are short-term (0 to 4 h) estimates oly. Our study does ot coclude what the log-term or cumulative effects associated with hookig, hadlig or holdig have o ultimate survival or successful spawig of sockeye ecoutered i the study. Detailed aalysis ad reportig of the radio-taggig compoet are beig coordiated by Graham Raby ad the Carleto/UBC research team. STUDY AREA METHODS Grassy Bar was chose agai i 011 as the study area (Appedix 1, Figures 1 ad ). This bar is located i the Fraser River, 4 km dowstream of the Islad Park boat lauch, ear Chilliwack, British Columbia. Despite beig oly accessible by boat, this is oe of the more popular bars o the Fraser River for aglig sockeye (Mahoey 005, 006). Grassy Bar allows opportuities for aglers to bottom bouce, primarily targetig sockeye, by castig directly from the shore, or by castig from boats achored very close to shore (usually i water less tha 1 m deep with relatively slow river curret (< 1.0 m s -1 )). Appedix 6 Figures 1 ad illustrate the effects of high water i the Fraser River o the Grassy Bar study site durig the 011 study. Appedix 6 - Figure 3 shows the crowdig of shore-based aglers fishig just off the beach o the maistem Fraser River side of Grassy Bar as a result of high water durig the 011 study. DATA COLLECTION Agled (Experimetal) Group Aglig Catch ad Effort Voluteer aglers of varyig experiece ad skill level were recruited for the study. Aglers without boats were provided boat trasport to ad from the fishig site at the begiig of the day ad at the ed of a typical 7-hour shift (usually 8 am to 3 pm). Aglers were allowed to use their ow gear or gear was loaed to them durig the study. Each agler also chose their ow hook size, weight size ad leader legth. All aglers ad gear used i the study were represetative of the Fraser River recreatioal sockeye fishery ad were edorsed o-site by local experts, Ed George of the British Columbia Wildlife Federatio (BCWF) ad Frak Kwak of the Fraser Valley Salmo Society (FVSS). A typical bottom bouce cofiguratio is preseted i Appedix 6 - Figure 4. 3

16 Fishig catch ad effort data was collected hourly by techicias. Data icluded the umber of aglers fishig, the umber of fish hooked, fish lost ad fish laded (Daily Ecouter Form - Appedix - Figure 1). Sockeye Hadlig ad Trasport Techicias were situated alog the bar to observe agler strikes, record fish playig times ad to itercept ad recover sockeye that were laded. Each fish hookup was oted ad timed. Whe a sockeye was laded, it was placed ito a black, Hypalo holdig/trasport bag. The Hypalo bags are 1 m i legth ad 0.5 m wide with mesh eds to facilitate water flow i ad out of the bag ad are opeed ad closed with a full-legth zipper. The bags are also equipped with hadles to assist with their hadlig i the river ad trasport from the capture locatio to the et pes. Each laded sockeye was uhooked i the trasport bag ad adjudicated for fish health, hookig locatio ad degree of bleedig. Each fish was the tagged with a umbered Floy achor tag. Tags were iserted ito the musculature immediately below the dorsal fi. Appedix 6 - Figure 5 shows a typically hooked ad laded sockeye beig assessed ad prepared for trasport to the holdig pe. Data related to fish capture, hookig locatio, fish coditio ad Floy tag umber were recorded for each fish (Idividual Sockeye Ladig Form ad Hookig Locatio diagram - Appedix - Figures ad 6). Trasport bags cotaiig sockeye were the slowly walked i-river from the poit of ladig to the holdig et pe site located dowstream of the aglig site. Durig active catch ad ladig periods, techicias oly observed the aglers they could properly track ad record all aspects of the fish playig ad ladig process. If eeded, trasport/holdig bags cotaiig sockeye were tethered ad held i-river util they could be properly trasferred to the holdig pes. The bags were achored i-river usig rebar hammered ito the riverbed. I-river holdig areas were carefully selected to provide sufficiet flow, depth ad water temperature coducive to optimum fish health ad situated so as ot to iterfere with aglig. Durig 011, aglers i the Fraser River were permitted by the DFO to keep a maximum of two sockeye per day. This retetio-style fishery complicated the radom acquisitio of sockeye for the study. I respose, study rules assiged the first captured sockeye to the agler, the secod to the study, third to the agler, ad all additioal captures for the day to the study (either for study of short-term mortality or for radio-taggig). This system elimiated agler selectio of sockeye by size, sex, or quality ad esured sockeye i the study represeted a ubiased sample from the overall populatio. Durig 011, aglers also caught a substatial umber of chiook salmo at the Grassy Bar site (Appedix 6 Figure 6). 4

17 Sockeye Holdig ad Release Agled sockeye were held for a miimum 4 h observatio i holdig pes comprised of a floatig square frame (4 m x 4 m) with a attached et of similar legth-width dimesios ad a maximum hagig depth of 3 m. The four bottom corers of the et were secured to the river bottom with 14 kg achors. The floatig frames were costructed of 15 mm diameter PVC pipig, filled with urethae foam at the coectio joits to ehace stregth ad flotatio. The ettig was comprised of 5 mm kotless mesh seie webbig. Floatig Styrofoam sheets ad a ati-predator frame were placed o the water surface of the pe to esure sockeye would ot jump out of the pe or be attacked by predators. Three et pes were used i the 011 study. Net pes that had fish holdig i them were also surrouded by a achored ad floated ati-predator et measurig 30 m (L) x 6 m (D). Give the dimesios of the et, the maximum volume of each holdig pe was 48 m 3. However, the volume of water i the et pe varied depedig o the bottom topography where the et pe was situated ad the amout of water flow aroud the et that would cause some billowig. Assumig a stadard maximum fish holdig desity of 5 kg m -3, the holdig capacity of each et pe whe situated i m uiform depth was estimated to be approximately 64 adult sockeye (average weight per sockeye =.5 kg, et pe volume = 3 m 3 ). To isure miimum egative effects associated with crowdig, holdig capacities were further restricted to a maximum of 30 fish per et pe at ay give time (i.e. approximately 1 sockeye per 1100 liters (1.1 m 3 ) of water). Net pes were located i a side chael approximately 40 m south of the primary aglig site o Grassy Bar (see Appedix 1 - Figure ad Appedix 6 - Figure 7). This locatio was withi close i-river walkig distace from the aglig or beach seie site ad out of the mai avigatio chael of the river ad therefore did ot itrude ito ay of the shore or boat-based fishig operatios. This site ormally provided a relatively calm refuge with low flow (<0.5 m sec -1 ). However, due to high water ad discharge levels i the Fraser River durig this year s study, flows ad water depths were icreased over previous years (>1.0 m sec -1 flow, > m deep). I order to comply with Trasport Caada uder the Navigable Waters Protectio Program, the et pes were marked with sigs ad high-visible flaggig for safety ad as a avigatio aid. All sockeye delivered to the et pes were released ito the pes by placig the hadlig/trasport bag iside the et ad opeig the zipper to allow the sockeye to swim freely ito the pe. The Floy tag umber, time of etry ito the pe ad coditio of each fish was recorded (Fish Holdig Form - Appedix - Figure 3). At the completio of the 4 h holdig period, all sockeye i the pe were idividually caught by a log-hadled kotless mesh et. The physical coditio of the fish was adjudicated, the Floy tag umber was oted ad the time of release recorded o the Fish Holdig Form. Radom fish were also physiologically sampled, measured for fork legth ad biological tissue samples take for DNA aalysis. I this year s 5

18 study, oe of the agled sockeye that were held for 4 h were fitted with radio tags prior to release. All live sockeye were released directly ito the river to cotiue their migratio. All sockeye that died durig the 4 h holdig period were ecropsied to assess the cause of death. Appedix 6 - Figure 8 shows a typical release of a live ad vigorous sockeye after the 4 h holdig period i the et pe. To alleviate cocers of vadalism, theft ad liability, a campsite was set up ear the et pe site ad staffed by study persoel to provide aroud-the-clock (4 h) moitorig ad security for the duratio of the study. Beach Seied (Referece) Group Experimetal hadlig ad holdig of fish for observatio ca potetially itroduce additioal or ukow biases whe estimatig hookig mortality rates. While the magitude of these biases may be ukow, our methodology followed similar studies ad aalyses (Nelso 1998; Millard et al. 003, 005; Pollock ad Pie 007) that assume that istataeous mortality associated with hookig ad release is idepedet of the mortality associated with experimetal hadlig ad holdig. By icorporatig a additioal group of sockeye that were captured usig a beach seie ad by stadardizig the hadlig ad holdig methods for both groups of fish, we were able to estimate hookig mortality as the differece betwee the fiite total mortality rate observed i the agled (experimetal) group of fish ad the fiite mortality rate observed i the beach seied (referece) group of fish. Beach Seie Catch ad Effort The beach seie used was 13 m (L) x 5.5 m (D) with 5 cm mesh webbig. Beach seiig was coducted immediately upstream of the primary Grassy Bar aglig site to miimize disruptio to agler effort. The seie was set i a dowstream directio from a outboard-powered alumium boat. Oce the full et legth was deployed ad towed, the et was the closed ad hauled ito shore, eclosig a small area of water alog the river bak. Efforts were take to miimize escapes of fish by securig the lead lie to the river bottom ad elevatig the cork lie. Oce the et was secured, techicias first couted, recorded ad released all o-sockeye species. Start ad ed times were recorded for each set, alog with the umber of fish caught ad released by species, ad the adipose fi-clip mark status for chiook ad coho. All daily beach seie catch ad effort data was recorded o Beach Seie Summary Forms (Appedix - Figure 4). Durig beach seiig, aglers were repositioed further dowstream o the bar to avoid gear coflicts with the seie ad seiig crew (Appedix 6 Figure 9). Appedix 6 - Figure 10 shows the beach seiig crew haulig i the et for collectio of sockeye for the referece group 6

19 Sockeye Hadlig ad Trasport Sockeye that remaied i the beach seie were placed idividually i the hadlig/trasport bags. Sockeye were the walked i-river to the et pe, where they were idividually Floy -tagged, recorded ad released ito the pe. Date ad time released ito the et pe were recorded o Fish Holdig Forms alog with physical coditio (vigorous/lethargic, bleedig/ot bleedig, or dead). Care was take to miimize udue stress to captured fish while maitaiig similar hadlig ad trasfer methods to the et pes as those used for agled fish. Sockeye Holdig ad Release Holdig ad release methods for sockeye captured i the beach seie were idetical to those used for the agled group of sockeye. Beach seied sockeye were held i the same et pe (or pes) as agled sockeye. To assist i idetifyig beach seied from agled sockeye, differet umber sequeces of Floy tags were used for each treatmet group. At the completio of the 4 h holdig period, all sockeye i the pe were idividually caught by a log-hadled kotless mesh et. The physical coditio of the each sockeye was adjudicated, the tag umber was oted ad the time of release recorded o the Fish Holdig Form. All live sockeye were released directly ito the river to cotiue their migratio. All sockeye that died durig the 4 h holdig period were ecropsied to determie the cause of death. Necropsies All sockeye mortalities were examied exterally ad iterally i a effort to determie the cause of death (Necropsy Form - Appedix - Figure 5). Exteral observatio focused o scale abudace/loss, the locatio ad degree of laceratios, wouds, bleedig, or ifectios, umber of sea lice, ad coditio of fis. The iteral examiatio looked for laceratios, wouds ad bleedig iside the mouth, body cavity ad gill area, with gill observatios to iclude colour, degree of siltatio o gill filamets ad presece of mucous. The gut cavity was examied to determie iteral bleedig, damage to orgas, tissue bruisig or gapig ad to idetify sex ad goad maturity. Each sockeye that died was measured for fork legth (earest 0.5 cm). Radio-taggig ad DNA samplig I order to assess log term post-release survival, a additioal 70 agled sockeye were gastrically implated with idividually-coded micro radio trasmitters (Lotek Wireless Ic. model MCFT-3A or Sigma Eight Ic. model Pisces 5). Each radiotagged sockeye was also measured (fork legth, earest cm) ad had a small (< 0.5 g) clip of adipose fi tissue removed for DNA-based stock idetificatio. Fially, upo release, each fish was subjected to a rapid (< 15 s) reflex impairmet assessmet i order to characterize aimal vitality/coditio. I additio to simply taggig ad releasig agled sockeye ( = 4), there were two additioal experimetal treatmets that were desiged as a follow-up to the 010 taggig study: 7

20 1) sockeye that were air exposed for 1 miute followig capture, tagged ad released ( = 3) ad ) fish that were air exposed for 1 miute followig capture, tagged, revived by beig held by had facig ito strog river curret for 1 miute, the released ( = 3). After release, all radio-tagged sockeye were tracked passively usig a array of eight riverside radio receivig statios positioed at strategic locatios throughout the watershed, with the furthest upstream receiver beig at the cofluece of the Nicola ad Thompso Rivers (Speces Bridge) ad the furthest dowstream at Missio. Aalysis ad reportig of the radio-taggig compoet of the study is beig coordiated by Graham D. Raby, Ph.D. studet i the Fish Ecology ad Coservatio Physiology Laboratory at Carleto Uiversity (Ottawa, Otario). Appedix 6 - Figure 11 shows techicias performig a typical odestructive physiological sample for blood o a recetly hooked ad laded sockeye. Gastric isertio of a radio tag ito a live captured sockeye ad subsequet trackig usig a mobile radio atea are illustrated i Appedix 6 - Figures 1 ad 13, respectively. Evirometal Data Air ad water temperatures ad meteorological coditios were recorded hourly durig the day by techicias at the aglig site. I additio, water temperature i the et pe ad several meters offshore at the lower ed of the aglig site were cotiuously moitored over the study period usig submerged Oset Computer HOBO Water Temp Pro v data loggers. Data loggers were programmed to record temperatures every 15 miutes. ANALYSIS OF MORTALITY DATA Hookig Mortality Rate The primary objective of our study was to evaluate the short-term (0 to 4 h) mortality rate of hooked sockeye usig gear commo to the o-tidal Fraser River sockeye recreatioal fishery. We used a simple, additive or adjusted hookig mortality rate for our aalysis. This is equivalet to the adjusted mortality rate as discussed by Nelso (1998), the simple model used by Wilde et al. (003) ad Wilde ad Pope (008), ad the additive fiite mortality rate defied by Millard et al. (003, 005). This method assumes that the two mortality compoets associated with hook ad release ad experimetal hadlig ad holdig were idepedet. A additive relatioship is assumed betwee the two rates observed at the ed of the 4 h holdig period, ad fiite hookig mortality is computed as the differece betwee the total mortality rate observed i the hooked fish (agled group) ad the total mortality rate observed i the referece fish (beach seied group). I our study, cofidece limits for d, the simple differece betwee two proportios, were geerated usig the Newcombe-Wilso Hybrid Score method (Newcombe 1998). Appedix 9 details the derivatio of the Newcombe-Wilso hybrid score cofidece itervals from the classical Wald type method. 8

21 Factors Ifluecig Mortality A secodary objective of our study was to evaluate the factors that iflueced mortality. The effect of aglig-related variables o mortality of hooked fish has bee evaluated i similar studies with simple logistic regressio aalysis (Meard 1995; Millard et al. 003, 005). I these studies, the data is fit usig the stadard logistic regressio model p i = e λ (1 + e λ ), where p i is the probability of mortality ad e λ is a liear fuctio of explaatory variables (for example: hook size, hookig locatio, presece of exteral bleedig, sex, legth, scale loss, etc.). Pearso s Chi-square or Likelihood Ratio chi-square (LRX) estimates of the coefficiets are evaluated for goodess of fit prior to iclusio i the logistic regressio aalysis. Variables exhibitig sigificace (P < 0.05) i mortality rates are further evaluated to provide odds ratios ad other associated logistic regressio parameters. I our study, Pearso s chi-square, Likelihood Ratio chi-square, ad Fisher s Exact tests, ad all other logistic regressio aalyses were performed usig x or x cotigecy table software developed by the Cosultacy for Research ad Statistics, Quatitative Skills Website Simple Iteractive Statistical Aalyses (SISA) (see Refereces: Other resources). RESULTS Data was collected over the course of three cosecutive weekly study periods: August 15 to 19, August to 6, ad August 9 to September, 011. Cooler tha average air temperatures i Jue ad July followed by warmer temperatures i late July ad early August resulted i a protracted meltig of the regioal sowpack ad record high water levels i the Fraser River at the begiig of the study period. The higher water coditios resulted i usafe coditios for both aglers ad study persoel at Grassy Bar ad delayed the start of the study by approximately oe week from the origial start date of August 8. Similar to fidigs i the past three years of the study, results from the 011 study showed there were o sigificat differeces betwee the primary hookig locatio (maxillary boe) ad all other hookig locatios over the three weeks of the study (Pearso s chi-square < 0.001, d.f., P = 0.66). There was also o sigificat differece oted i mortalities betwee study weeks (Pearso s chi-square =.35, d.f., P = 0.309). As a result of these fidigs ad due to the low overall umber of mortalities ad relatively small weekly sample sizes for some weeks i the study, data from all three weeks were combied ad aalyzed collectively for the majority of aalyses i this report. 9

22 SUMMARY BY TREATMENT GROUP Agled (Experimetal) Group Catch, Fishig Effort ad Mortality Participatig aglers hooked ad laded 448 sockeye durig the 15 study days betwee August 15 ad September. Two hudred ad forty-two agled sockeye were kept for 4 h observatio i the et pes ad 70 sockeye were fitted with radio tags ad released back ito the river. Four of the sockeye that had bee radiotagged ad released were recaptured o subsequet casts by aglers. These sockeye were released back ito the river as soo as possible after recapture. (Appedix 3 Table 1). I additio to sockeye, aglers i the study also caught ad laded a total of 85 chiook ad 88 pik salmo. Aside from otig the total umber hooked ad laded, o other aglig statistics were collected ad o mortality estimates were made for species other tha sockeye. Based o hourly agler couts take each day, mea daily agler effort durig the study raged from a low of 10 aglers o August 18 to a high of 0 aglers o August 5 (Appedix 3 Table 1). The mea umber of aglers for the study was approximately 14 per day ad the mea daily sockeye catch per agler was approximately sockeye (rage: 0.3 to 4.5). Hourly catch rates raged from 0.10 to 0.64 sockeye per agler hour. Agler success i our study was very similar to that estimated for the etire lower Fraser River (from Chilliwack to Hope) from agler creel surveys coducted by Fisheries ad Oceas Caada over a similar time period. The overall mea catch rate for this study was 0.33 sockeye per agler hour (August 15 to September ) compared to 0.35 sockeye per agler hour (kept ad released) (August 13 to September 5) from DFO agler creel surveys (011 Fraser River Recreatioal Fishery Prelimiary I-seaso Summary). Of the 4 agled sockeye that were caught ad held for observatio, four (1.7%) died withi the 4 h holdig period. Sockeye Hadlig ad Trasport Agler playig times raged from approximately 1 to 6 miutes with a mea agler play time of 1 mi:38 sec (SD = 0.77) (Figure 1). Trasport hadlig times (time take from uhookig to release ito holdig pes) were more variable, ragig aywhere from 1 miute up to 39 miutes, with a overall average of about 7 mi:4 sec (SD = 5.63). Of the four mortalities observed, agler playig times for these fish raged from 1 to 3 miutes, ad trasport hadlig times raged from 3 to 16 miutes. Overall hadlig time (agler play time plus trasport hadlig time) for the hooked sockeye averaged 9 mi: sec (SD = 5.6). Three of the four observed mortalities occurred i sockeye that had overall hadlig times less tha the mea overall hadlig time. However, there was o sigificat differece foud i 10

23 Frequecy 011 Lower Fraser River Sockeye Recreatioal Hook ad Release Mortality Study observed versus expected mortalities i hooked sockeye with overall hadlig times below or above the mea overall hadlig time (Pearso s chi-square = 0.05, 1 d.f., P = 0.830) Agler play time (Mea=1 mi:38sec) Trasport hadlig time (Mea=7 mi:4 sec) >15 Miutes Figure 1. Frequecy distributio of agler play time ad trasport hadlig time to holdig pes for sockeye hooked i a bottom bouce hook-ad-release study at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 011. Hookig Locatios ad Aglig-related Factors Of the 4 sockeye laded ad held, 175 (7%) were hooked i the maxillary boe, 36 (15%) were hooked i other outside locatios, ad 31 (13%) were hooked o the iside of the mouth (Table 1). The percet of fish that were beached (i.e. brought ashore or ito shallow water ad partially or wholly exposed to air) after hookig was 10%. For sockeye dragged oto dry groud, the substrate comprised a mix of gravel (70%) ad fie sad (30%). The remaider (90%) of laded sockeye were etted or trasferred directly to hadlig/trasport bags i shallow water without beig brought ashore. The majority of hooks (98%) were removed from sockeye by techicias usig their hads, or pliers whe ecessary. Six sockeye (%) had hooks that could ot be removed easily ad the lies were cut, leavig the hook i place for the 4 h holdig period. Approximately 1% of the hooked fish exhibited some bleedig (light to moderate) at the time of ladig or after hook removal. Fish that were hooked o the outside of the body exhibited the most amout of bleedig (36%) compared to those hooked o the iside of the mouth (3%) ad i the maxillary boe (18%). The majority (95%) of hooked sockeye, regardless of hookig locatio, were evaluated as beig i a vigorous coditio at the time of ladig. There were a variety of hook sizes ad leader legths used by the aglers i the study. Hook sizes raged from 1/0 to 3/0, with the majority of aglers choosig the 3/0 size (84%) followed by the /0 size (15%). Oe agler was recorded usig a 1/0 size hook. Leader legths i the study raged from 10 to 0 feet. The vast majority (9%) of leader legths were i the rage of 1 to 15 feet. 11

24 Table 1. Descriptive statistics for catch ad short-term (0 4 h) mortality of sockeye caught by bottom bouce gear at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 011, by primary hookig locatio a Hookig locatio Variable Iside mouth Maxillary boe All other outside Total Total umber caught Mortality (%) Mea Playig Time (mi:sec) 1:33 1:34 1:58 1:38 Beached (%) Bleedig observed (%) Vigorous coditio at capture (%) Mea trasport hadlig time (mi:sec) 9:19 7:08 7:03 7:4 Predomiat hook size (type: %) 3/0: /0: /0: /0: 84.3 Predomiat leader legths (rage ft: %) 1-15: : : : 91.7 a. 70 additioal sockeye that were implated with radio tags ad released shortly after taggig are ot icluded. Beach Seie (Referece) Group Catch, Effort ad Mortality Uusually high water levels ad fast water precluded safe operatio of the beach seiig compoet of the study util the fial two weeks of the study. A total of 104 sockeye were caught usig a beach seie o August 5 ad 6 ad September 1 ad, 011 (Appedix 3 Table ). Sevetee sockeye were released immediately back ito the river (without taggig) ad 5 were take for idepedet physiological samplig, leavig a total 6 referece group sockeye for holdig 4 h i the et pes. Beach seiig also caught ad released coho, 30 chiook adults, 40 chiook jacks, 687 pik, 4 peamouth chubs, 6 orther pike miows ad 1 dolly varde. Of the 6 sockeye retaied for holdig, oe died durig hadlig or withi the 4 h holdig period. Sockeye Hadlig ad Trasport Hadlig ad trasport times for the beach seied group of fish were ot recorded for each idividual fish. However, aside from hook removal, hadlig ad trasport methods to the et pe for the referece fish were similar to those used for agled fish. Due to the locatio of the beach seiig, mea trasport distaces ad therefore trasport times overlapped with agled sockeye caught i the upper 5% of the aglig zoe ad i some cases may have bee slightly greater ( to 4 miutes) tha those observed for agled sockeye caught closer to the et pe site. Due to the absece of mortalities observed i the beach seie group, we assume that slight icreases i hadlig ad trasport times for some beach seied sockeye had o otable ifluece o short-term mortality. 1

25 FISH CONDITION The physical coditio of agled ad beach seied sockeye was visually assessed at time of capture ad after the 4 h holdig period usig the followig criteria: 1) vigorous ad ot bleedig, ) vigorous ad bleedig, 3) lethargic ad ot bleedig, 4) lethargic ad bleedig, ad 5) dead. The majority (95%) of agled sockeye were i a vigorous coditio at time of capture (77% ot bleedig, 17% bleedig) (Table ). Oly 5% of the agled sockeye were reported as lethargic (4% ot bleedig, % bleedig). No beach seied sockeye exhibited bleedig at the time of capture with 97% beig reported as vigorous ad 3% as lethargic. No sockeye died durig hadlig or trasport either by aglig or by beach seiig. At the time of release, o fish were reported as bleedig i either treatmet group. Aside from the four mortalities (1.7%) oted i the agled group, 97% of the agled sockeye were released after 4 h as vigorous with o bleedig ad 1% as lethargic with o bleedig. I the beach seied group, all sockeye were released alive after 4 h, of which 97% were i vigorous ad 3% were i lethargic coditio. Table. Compariso of fish coditio at time of capture (A) ad at time of release after the 4 h holdig period (B) for sockeye agled by bottom bouce gear (agled group) ad captured by beach seie (referece group) at Grassy Bar, Fraser River, i 011. A. Coditio at time of capture: Study Group Vigorous, ot bleedig Vigorous, bleedig Lethargic, ot bleedig Lethargic, bleedig Dead Total Agled Percet of total Beach Seie Percet of total B. Coditio at time of release after 4h i the holdig pes: Study Group Vigorous, ot bleedig Vigorous, bleedig Lethargic, ot bleedig Lethargic, bleedig Dead Total Agled Percet of total Beach Seie Percet of total

26 FISH SIZE Fork legths of sockeye caught i the 011 study were oly recorded for the four sockeye that died. From data collected i previous years, we assume that size was ot a sigificat factor i overall mortality, ad that both agled ad beach seied sockeye were sampled from similar migratig stocks. HOOKING MORTALITY ESTIMATES No sockeye that were agled ad held i the 011 study were subjected to odestructive physiological samplig at time of capture or after the 4 h holdig period. As a result, mortality estimates iclude all sockeye held for observatio. The short-term hookig mortality rate usig the adjusted (additive) model was estimated to be 1.7% with lower ad upper 95% cofidece itervals of zero to 4.%, respectively. The adjusted mortality rate is equivalet to the straightforward percet mortalities (the umber that died () divided by the umber laded (N)), sice o mortalities were observed i the beach seied (referece) group. The estimated hookig mortality is preseted i Table 3 with comparisos to those estimated i the three previous study years; 008 to 010. Table 3. Compariso of estimates of short-term (0 to 4 h) catch-ad-release mortality of sockeye salmo at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 011, 010, 009 ad 008, usig bottom bouce gear, ucorrected ad corrected for hadlig mortality usig a adjusted rate estimator. The 95% cofidece iterval (95% CI) for the adjusted rate estimator is provided i paretheses. Mortalities are provided by umber () ad percet. Study year Adjusted catch-ad-release Total caught Mortalities mortality estimate (%) Treatmet group (N ) Percet (95% CI) 011 Agled (experimetal group) (0-4.) Beach seie (referece group) Agled (experimetal group) (0-4.5) Beach seie (referece group) a Agled (experimetal group) (0-4.0) Beach seie (referece group) b Agled (experimetal group) (0-4.1) Beach seie (referece group) a. icludes 10 agled sockeye that were o-destructively physiologically sampled. b. icludes 5 agled ad 17 beach seied sockeye that were o-destructively physiologically sampled. For added compariso, adjusted mortality estimates ad 95% cofidece itervals associated with idividual aglig ad study-related factors are preseted i Appedix 4. However, cautio should be take whe assessig the mortality 14

27 estimates associated with each idividual aglig or study-related factor. High mortality rates ad large cofidece itervals for some aglig-related factors result from very small sample sizes for some factors that have may idividual variables (e.g. hookig locatios ad leader legths). FACTORS INFLUENCING MORTALITY Aglig-related factors, fish holdig desities, ad temporal ad evirometal factors were evaluated for sigificace o short-term (0 to 4 h) mortality (P < 0.05) usig by, or i some cases, by 3 cotigecy tables. Factors ifluecig mortality were grouped ito categories ad assessed for the ultimate coditio at release (dead or alive). Sigificace was evaluated usig Pearso s chi-square (GFX). Likelihood Ratio (LRX) chi-squares were also evaluated whe mortalities existed i both idepedet variable categories beig assessed. Due to relatively small sample sizes i some categories ad few observed mortalities, Fisher s exact tests (sum of small p s) were also calculated as a comparative test of sigificace. Odds ratios (OR) were also performed i cases where mortalities were preset i both idepedet variable categories. The results of these tests are preseted i Table 4. Aglig-related Factors Due to the variety of possible hookig locatios oted i the study (15 i total), idividual assessmet of this variable o mortality ca be difficult to quatify. However, visual observatios ad post-mortem assessmet cocluded that all four mortalities i this study were directly attributable to ijuries from hooks that pierced or tore arteries i the mouth (uder the togue), gills, or heart i a relatively small umber of hookig locatios. Two of the four mortalities were sockeye that were hooked i the left maxillary boe. The other two mortalities occurred i sockeye that were hooked o the vetral surface of the body posterior to the head. Necropsies idicated laceratios or tearig of gill arches o two of the sockeye that were hooked i the maxillary boe ad all had white gills idicatig these fish most likely bled out ad died relatively quickly after beig hooked. The other two sockeye that were hooked i the vetral surface were believed to have died as a result of the hook peetratig the heart or coroary artery. Based o the relatively small umber of hookig locatios associated with mortalities i all four study years (i.e. maxillary boe, iside mouth, or vetral sag), ad to compare the results observed betwee years, hookig locatios were grouped ito two major categories as follows: hook locatio groupig 1, comparig fish sagged o the outside of the body versus all other hookig locatios (either iside or outside), ad hook locatio groupig, comparig those fish hooked i the maxillary boe versus all other outside the mouth or body hookig locatios. As witessed i previous years, the majority of sockeye i 011 were hooked i the maxillary boe; 7% i 011 compared to 65% i 010, 75% i 009, ad 66% i 008. The icidece of hookig evets o the outside of the body icreased substatially i 010 to % compared to 9% witessed i 008 ad 6% i

28 Table 4. Pearso s chi-square (GFX), Likelihood Ratios (LRX), Fisher s Exact Test results, ad Odds Ratios (OR) assessig various aglig-related factors, fish holdig desities, ad temporal biases ifluecig the short-term (0 to 4 h) mortality of sockeye caught with bottom bouce gear at Grassy Bar, Fraser River i 011. Factors that sigificatly iflueced mortality are i bold. Codig for idepedet variables is show i paretheses. Aglig-related or study variable a Pearso's Goodess of Fit Chi-square (GFX) Likelihood Ratio Chi-square (LRX) Fisher's Exact Test b Odds Ratio (OR) c (95% CI) Hook locatio (groupig 1) (body sag = 0; all other locatios = 1) (p=0.004) (p=0.033) ( ) Hook locatio (groupig ) (maxillary boe = 0; all outside locatios = 1) (p=0.077) (p=0.16) ( ) Hook Size 0.76 (hook size <3/0 = 0; hook size 3/0 = 1) (p=0.384) Leader Legth (14ft legth = 0; All other legths = 1) (p=0.151) (p=0.153) ( ) Castig weight 0.95 (castig weight <3 oz = 0; castig weight >=3 oz = 1) (p=0.39) Coditio at capture (lethargic = 0; vigorous = 1) (p<0.001) (p=0.010) ( ) Bleedig at capture 15.3 (yes = 0; o = 1) (p<0.001) Scale loss 0.18 (oe = 0; light to moderate = 1) (p=0.675) Agler play time 0.03 (<5 mi = 0; >5 mi = 1) (p=0.854) Beachig 0.43 (o = 0; yes = 1) (p=0.513) Air Exposure (Exposed <15 sec = 0; Exposed >15 sec = 1) (p=0.156) (p=0.58) (0.0-.0) Predator wouds 0.10 (oe = 0; mior or major = 1) (p=0.748) Fish desities i the holdig pe d (<0 fish/day = 0; >0 fish/day = 1) (p=0.988) (p=0.988) ( ) Temporal bias (hook locatio by study week) (Idepedet variable: Study week) (Depedet variable: Maxillary boe = 0; All other locatios = 1) (p=0.66) (p=0.61) Temporal bias (mortalities by study week) (Idepedet variable: Study week).35.8 (Depedet variable: Dead = 0; Alive = 1) (p=0.309) (p=0.44) a. Except where oted, depedet variables are 0=Dead, 1=Alive. b. Two-sided, O>=E O<=E, sum of small p's. c. OR=Odds1/Odds=p11/p. d. Icludes both hooked ad beach seied (referece group) sockeye. 16

29 Higher overall abudace of sockeye i 010 ad perhaps icreased fishig effort were believed to be major factors i the icrease i hookig evets o the outside of the body. Hookig icidece o the outside of the body was 15% i 011. Hookig i the iside of the mouth has remaied approximately the same for all years (1% i 008, 10% i 009, 13% i 010, ad 13% i 010). Despite the low icidece (8.7%) of dorsal or vetral sags i 008, this type of hookig evet had a very sigificat ifluece o short-term (0 4 h) mortality (Pearso s chi-square = 1.31, 1 d.f., P < 0.001) (J. O. Thomas ad Associates 009). I fact, the oly two observed mortalities i 008 were both associated with this type of hookig evet. I 009, six mortalities were observed ad all were associated with hookig i the left maxillary boe (J. O. Thomas ad Associates 009). Despite this fidig, hookig i the maxillary boe did ot have a sigificat ifluece o short-term mortality whe compared to all other outside hookig locatios (Pearso s chi-square = 1.01, 1 d.f., P = 0.316) (J. O. Thomas ad Associates 010). I 010, oe of the primary hookig locatio groupigs (sags vs. all other, or maxillary boe vs. all other outside) exhibited sigificace i shortterm (0 4 h) hookig mortality. The fact that hookig mortalities were relatively rare ad those that did occur were foud i each of the hookig locatio groupigs may be the primary reaso for this fidig. I 011, dorsal or vetral body sags were agai foud to exhibit a sigificat ifluece o short-term (0 4 h) mortality (Pearso s chi-square = 8.4, 1 d.f., P =0.004). Two of the four mortalities observed i 011 were the result of vetral surface hookig. For the majority of other aglig-related factors, o sigificat ifluece o short-term mortality was foud i the 011 study. However, the coditio of sockeye at time of capture ad the icidece of bleedig were foud to be sigificat factors i shortterm mortality. Sockeye that were oted to be lethargic at time of capture were foud to have a 1 fold icrease i the odds of dyig durig the 4 h observatio period (Pearso s chi-square = 15.94, 1 d.f., P < 0.001). Sockeye that were observed to be bleedig at the time of capture were also foud to be sigificatly more likely to die (Pearso s chi-square = 15.3, 1 d.f., P < 0.001). All four short-term mortalities i 011 occurred i sockeye that were observed to be bleedig at the time of capture. Bleedig at the time of capture was also oted as havig a sigificat ifluece o mortality i the 008 ad 010 studies (008: Pearso s chi-square = 9.7, 1 d.f., P = 0.00, ad 010: Pearso s chi-square = 0.94, 1 d.f., P < 0.001) ad was close to beig sigificat i the 009 study (Pearso s chi-square = 3.30, 1 d.f., P = 0.069) (J. O. Thomas ad Associates 009, 010, 011). Approximately 1 i 4 to 1 i 5 of the hooked sockeye observed i this study has exhibited bleedig at time of capture i each of the study years (18% i 008, 5% i 009, 4% i 010, ad 1% i 011). Number of Fish Held The daily umber of sockeye held i the et pes raged from a low of five (agled) o August 15 to a high of 39 (agled ad beach seied) o September (Figure ). The average umber of agled sockeye that were held i et pes was 0 per day, ad the average umber of beach seied sockeye i the holdig pes was 31 per 17

30 Number of Sockeye Water Temperature ( o C) 011 Lower Fraser River Sockeye Recreatioal Hook ad Release Mortality Study day. Capacity i idividual et pes ever exceeded the maximum of 30 fish per day. Mortalities were observed o three of fiftee study days: August 19 (1 mortality; 30 holdig), August 4 ( mortalities; holdig), ad August 6 (1 mortality; 11 holdig). All mortalities were observed o days whe the umber of fish beig held was less tha or equal to 30 fish. I this study, fish holdig desities showed o sigificat ifluece o short-term mortality whe the umber of fish beig held was less tha 0 fish/day compared to desities of greater tha 0 fish/day i the et pe (Pearso s chi-square = 0.00, 1 d.f., P = 0.988) Total #Holdig Mortalities Aglig site Holdig Pe Figure. Daily umber of fish held for 4 h observatio i the et pes ad observed mortalities (bars) compared to mea daily water temperatures from i-situ data loggers located i-river ear the aglig site ad the holdig et pe (lies) at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 011. Temporal Factors Hookig locatio (maxillary boe vs. all other) ad umber of mortalities by study week were evaluated to determie if there were ay sigificat temporal biases i the primary hookig locatio (maxillary boe) or mortalities betwee weeks. No sigificat bias was oted i the umber of hookig evets i the maxillary boe compared to all other hookig locatios betwee weeks (Pearso s chi-square = 0.00, 1 d.f., P = 0.66). There was also o sigificat bias oted i the umber of mortalities betwee weeks (Pearso s chi-square =.35, 1 d.f., P = 0.309). Evirometal Factors Water temperatures were cotiuously moitored i the Fraser River ear the aglig site ad i the holdig pe throughout the study period. A plot of 18

31 temperatures take every 15 miutes at the two sites is preseted i Appedix 5 Figure 1. Mea daily temperatures at the two sites are preseted i Figure. I geeral, temperatures remaied steady for the first two study weeks the decreased i the third week. The mea daily water temperature i the river raged from a high of 17.8 o C ear the aglig site o August 5 to a low of 15.5 o C o September (the last study day) i the et pe ad at the aglig site. Except for the first three days of the last study week, mea daily temperatures i the holdig pe were lower tha those at the aglig site ad deviated aywhere from 0.3 o C above to 0.4 o C below water temperatures at the aglig site. Water temperatures oted durig the etire study were below critical temperatures ofte associated with decreased swimmig performace ad early sigs of physiological stress as well as slowed migratio i Fraser River sockeye (temperature rages betwee 18 o C ad 19 o C) (Fraser River Evirometal Watch Report, August 7, 010, Lee et al. 003). Temperatures above 0 o C have bee associated with high pre-spaw mortality ad disease. Oe of the hookig mortalities occurred durig a mea daily water temperature of 16.9 o C i the holdig pe o August 19, two occurred o August 4 whe the mea holdig temperature was 17.3 o C ad oe occurred o August 6, a day after the maximum temperature was observed (17.8 o C at the aglig site ad 17.6 o C i the et pe). Compariso of the umber of mortalities that occurred at temperatures below the study mea (17 o C) ad equal to or above the study mea suggested there was a sigificat ifluece of temperature o short-term mortality i the holdig pe (Pearso s chi-square = 5.40, 1 d.f., P = 0.00) ad a margially sigificat ifluece at the aglig site (Pearso s chi-square = 3.70, 1 d.f., P = 0.054). Water levels i the Fraser River durig August 011 were the highest observed over the four year study period ad raged from 11% to 6% higher tha the historical meas (Appedix 5 Figure ). RADIO TAGGING AND DNA SAMPLING A summary of results from the radio-taggig ad DNA samplig coducted by the Carleto/UBC research team was uavailable for iclusio i this report. Results are aticipated i a separate joural report. DISCUSSION Preseaso forecasts of sockeye returig to the Fraser River i 011 provided by Fisheries ad Oceas Caada (DFO) were highly ucertai due to variability i aual survival rates ad ucertaity about recet chages i their productivity. The Fraser River Pael (the Pael) adopted preseaso forecasts of abudace from DFO of approximately 3.18 millio returig sockeye (50% probability level for Early Stuart, Early Summer-ru, Summer-ru, Birkehead ad True Late-ru stocks). These forecasts were below the cycle year average ( ) due to lower tha 19

32 average spawig escapemet i 007 combied with lower tha average productivity assumptios used i the forecast model. Actual ru sizes exceeded the preseaso forecasts with the total Fraser River ru size estimated to be aroud 5.08 millio sockeye salmo by October 7, 011 (Appedix 8 Figure 1). Based o PSC escapemet estimates at Missio, approximately 1.03 millio sockeye migrated past Grassy Bar o study days betwee August 15 ad September (Appedix 8 Table 1). Abudace estimates at Grassy Bar were over 400,000 sockeye per week durig the first two weeks, decliig to about 140,000 i the third study week. For the coditios oted i this year s study, short-term (0 to 4 h) mortality estimates of hooked sockeye was relatively low (1.7% mortality with a 95% cofidece iterval of zero to 4.%). This was similar to mortality rates observed i each of the previous three years of the study;.4% i 010, 1.7% i 009, ad 1.% i 008. Similar to results see i the three previous study years, the majority of sockeye caught by aglers were hooked i or ear the maxillary boe, usually o the left side, with little to o bleedig observed. I all years, mortalities resultig from hookig were witessed i a small umber of primary hookig locatios: maxillary boe, iside mouth, ad vetral sags. Assessmet of aglig-related factors did ot coclude that hookig i the maxillary boe had a sigificat ifluece o short-term (0 4 h) hookig mortality i ay year. Of all the aglig-related factors assessed, bleedig ad lethargic coditio at time of capture were oted as the oly factors that were sigificat i predictig mortality across all study years. Necropsies of sockeye that died revealed that most died from wouds i or ear the gills, or i vulerable arteries or orgas ear the vetral surface. Physiological samples collected by the UBC research team i 008 ad 009 provided valuable isights ito the impacts of both capture (hookig ad by beach seie) ad experimetal holdig of sockeye for 4 h. Iitial fidigs from 008 suggested there are egative impacts o sockeye associated with capture ad holdig i et pes for 4 h prior to release. Sockeye that were captured ad immediately released had lower levels of physiological stress idicators (glucose, cortisol) tha those that were held i the et pes for 4 h. Sigificatly lower levels of sodium ad chloride ios ad lower osmolality i the agled sockeye after beig held 4 h i the et pe also suggest that osmoregulatory fuctio was somewhat impaired i this group of fish. Results from 010 ad 011 were ot available for iclusio i this report. However, it is aticipated that results of these tests will provide more isight ito the physiological chages associated with capture ad post-capture recovery ad loger term survival of sockeye salmo i this fishery. Fial results of the radio-taggig coducted i 010 ad 011 were also ot available at the time of this report. However, prelimiary results i 010 suggest that survival was highest for the beach seie group. The use of recovery bags i 010 resulted i a approximate 3% icrease i survival for fish that were agled ad exposed to air. However, the recovery bags did ot affect survival for the o-air exposed groups. This fidig suggests that the recovery bags may be beeficial to survival for 0

33 idividuals that are i poor coditio, but idividuals i good coditio may be just as likely to survive if they are released immediately rather tha beig placed i recovery bags (M. Doaldso, pers. comm.). Further aalysis of radio telemetry data i sockeye that were caught ad released immediately after taggig i 011 is aticipated to shed eve more light o survival of captured sockeye i the study ad by idividual stock or stock groupig through DNA aalysis. RECOMMENDATIONS AND LIMITATIONS For this study, we assumed that the effects of hadlig, trasport ad holdig worked idepedet betwee the agled (hooked) group ad the beach seied (referece) group. We also assumed that the beach seie method of capture for the referece group had o measurable effect o short-term (0 4 h) mortality. Based o our results, ad particularly the lack of ay mortalities observed i the sockeye captured by beach seie i all three years of the study, our assumptios cotiue to be reasoable. A simple, adjusted method was therefore used to provide a estimate of short-term (0 4 h) CR hookig mortality ad cofidece itervals aroud this estimate. If mortalities had bee observed i the referece group, it would have bee relevat to further estimate ad compare mortalities usig a coditioal mortality methodology that does ot make similar assumptios of idepedece betwee the hooked fish ad the referece group. This model is described i detail by Millard et al., 005 ad suggests there is a measurable ad depedet impact of cofiemet (holdig-related mortality) that affects the mortality of both the hooked fish ad the referece group of fish. The use of a referece group of fish is critical to the assessmet of hookig mortality regardless of which methodology (adjusted or coditioal) is used. We therefore highly recommed the use of a suitable referece group of sockeye i ay future catch-ad-release studies to isure these assessmets of mortality ca be suitably evaluated. The referece group must be take from the same populatio of sockeye as the agled sockeye ad similar umbers of fish should be obtaied for both groups. Although the umber of sockeye captured i the beach seie ad held for observatio was less tha ideal i each year of the study, it is importat to ote that the beach seie method proved to be the most practical method for capturig sockeye with miimal harm. No sockeye that were caught by beach seiig died durig observatio i the four years of the study. We produced a sigle short-term (0 to 4 h) CR mortality estimate usig a sample of aglers that we believe to be represetative of a typical Fraser River bottom bouce bar fishery that targets sockeye. Techiques are variable amog aglers ad locatios ad as such, may be idicative oly of the study group ad locatio. Compariso with creel survey estimates from DFO coverig a area from Missio to Hope, suggests that mea agler catch success was slightly higher i our study durig similar time periods (DFO Fraser River Area). However, the similarity i predomiat hookig locatios observed i all four years of the study coupled with cosistetly low mortality rates, suggests that aglig techiques were similar betwee years, despite possible variatio i idividual agler catch success. 1

34 Our aalysis was restricted solely to short-term (0 to 4 h) hookig mortality estimates for sockeye caught usig bottom bouce gear. No other fishig techiques (for example, bar fishig, spi ad glow lures) were used. Other species were hooked usig this type of fishig gear; however, they were ot icluded i the aalysis. Beyod a sigle short-term (0 to 4 h) CR mortality estimate, we caot quatify actual spawer success (percet spawed) of the hooked or beach seied groups of sockeye ecoutered i this study. It is possible for example, that sockeye observed i this study are more likely to succumb to icreased predatio (both atural ad fishig) as a result of physiological stresses, or icreased disease progressio associated with hadlig or hookig (scale or slime loss, abrasios, ifectio, blood loss). Ultimately, this could lead to reduced spawer success, embryo viability, ad egg-to-fry survival. Additioally, holdig sockeye i et pes after capture does ot mimic coditios i a true catch-ad-release fishery. Physiological samplig to-date appears to idicate that holdig, eve for short periods of time i low flow or i crowded, uatural eviromets may actually cause additioal stress as well as critical delays i reachig the spawig grouds. These combied factors may ultimately lead to elevated post-capture mortality whe compared to sockeye that were captured ad immediately released back ito the river. Additioal data was collected i 009, 010 ad 011 regardig predator wouds. I 011, six hooked sockeye were oted to have mior or major predator wouds, ad oe died durig the 4 h observatio period. I 010, 7 hooked sockeye exhibited mior wouds ad three exhibited major wouds. Oe sockeye oted with mior predator ijuries died durig the study. Almost idetical results were oted i the 009 study; 7 hooked sockeye with mior ad three with major predator ijuries of which, oe died. Despite the low umber of mortalities witessed i sockeye that exhibited predator ijuries i the study, assessmet of this data is believed to be importat i the overall assessmet of mortality ad it is recommeded that this factor be cosidered ad aalyzed i future studies. Collectio of data regardig castig weights used by aglers was also added to the study i 009 ad cotiued i 010 ad 011. Similar to most aglig-related factors, o sigificat ifluece was oted for this variable o short-term (0 4 h) hookig mortality i either year. Despite this, castig weight is believed to be a itegral factor associated with the aglig techique ad gear behavior ad may have a measurable effect o hookig success. It is therefore of iterest to collect ad aalyze this data to assess the possible ifluece o hookig mortality. Oe aglig-related factor that was foud to be of sigificace to short-term mortality i the 010 study was the use of 0 foot leader legths. Based o this fidig, a coscious effort was made i 011 to miimize the use of exceptioally log leader legths (greater tha 15 feet). As a result, it was difficult to test i this year s study whether 0 foot leader legths had a similarly sigificat ifluece o hookig mortality. No sigificat ifluece o mortality was oted i 011 for ay of the idividual leader legths or groupigs of leader legths tested.

35 The developmet of secodary sexual characteristics has also bee suggested as a factor leadig to the release of sockeye i a typical bottom bouce fishery. The sex or the extet of sexual maturity may also be a cotributig factor i the survival of these fish after a hookig evet. Male or female fish or fish that are more mature may be less able to tolerate the stresses associated with catch-ad-release. Ufortuately, determiatio of sex based solely o outward physical appearace is ot reliable durig the time periods ad locatio of this fishery. Therefore we could ot estimate separate hookig mortalities by sex or quatify the ifluece of sex or stage of sexual maturity o hookig mortality. This study was coducted at a sigle locatio (Grassy Bar) for all study years. Although this site is a popular fishig locatio ad is believed to be typical, give its limited spatial ad temporal scope, the results preseted here may ot ecessarily be represetative of the wider rage of evirometal coditios ad locatios that are available i the Fraser River for these types of fisheries. Give the opportuity, studies ad comparisos of aglig characteristics, techiques, gear ad short-term hookig mortality rates at other sites may help to determie if sigificat geographic differeces exist for this fishery. This year s study also was coducted i a year whe there was cosiderable targeted fishig effort o sockeye from commercial, recreatioal, ad aborigial sectors i both marie ad freshwater fisheries. As a result, idividual sockeye may have had multiple captures by fisheries alog their migratio route. Additioal hookig captures may also have occurred i bars further upstream from our study locatio. Therefore, the short-term mortality results at Grassy Bar may ot be totally represetative of aglig mortality for fish that are hooked ad released multiple times i fisheries further upstream. Future studies should be aware of this variable ad assess multiple hookig evets, if possible, for potetial added ifluece o mortality. Fraser River sockeye have multiple stock compositios ad varyig abudaces over a typical four-year cycle. They also experiece variable i-river coditios durig their migratio upstream i ay give year. To accout for iter-aual variability i i-river fishig ad evirometal coditios, fish abudace ad stock compositio, this study was coducted over a full four-year cycle period. Timig of the study was coordiated with up-to-date iseaso escapemet estimates i order to maximize sample sizes while maitaiig coservatio priciples ad improvig cost:beefit ratios to the study. Short-term (0 to 4 h) hookig mortality rates for all four years of the study (008 to 011) have bee low. The first two years were coducted durig periods of relatively low sockeye abudace. I 010, sockeye abudace i the Fraser River was the highest witessed i the past 100 years, ad although mortality rates icreased, they remaied withi virtually idetical 95% cofidece itervals for all years (0% to 4.5%). Very high water discharge ad associated high water levels were witessed i the Fraser River durig the 011 study. Despite this, catchability of sockeye ad estimated hookig mortality rates remaied similar whe compared to other study years. I geeral, water temperatures were relatively favourable for sockeye migratio over the four study years. However, mortality rates may be expected to 3

36 icrease i years whe i-river temperatures are steadily high (above 18 o C) ad ufavourable for sockeye migratio. The iflueces of aglig-related factors o hookig mortality have also bee foud to be relatively similar ad predictable amog study years despite varyig evirometal, regulatory, biological, or abudace-based compoets. Substative umbers of other salmo were captured i this study by the beach seie durig 008 (primarily chiook jacks ad adults) ad 009 ad 011 (primarily piks). Aglig also cotributed to capture of large umbers of chiook adults or jacks i 008 ad 011. Captures of other species were oted to a much lesser extet i all study years. Despite the focus of this study o sockeye, the relative abudace of other species is of importace to the maagemet of these fisheries ad should therefore be moitored i future studies. Physiological samplig ad radio-taggig of idividual sockeye was coducted idepedetly to this study ad are therefore ot discussed i depth i this report. A complete aalysis ad discussio of these fidigs is curretly beig coducted by the Carleto Uiversity/Uiversity of British Columbia research teams. It is hoped that this work will provide valuable additioal isight ito capture ad post-capture recovery ad ultimate survival of sockeye hooked i these types of fisheries. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We ackowledge ad thak the may people that helped to brig this study from cocept to completio. We sicerely thak commuity leaders ad members of all Lower Fraser First Natios for their cooperatio ad support of this project ad to Terry Tebb, Vice Presidet for Operatios at the Pacific Salmo Foudatio (PSF), for facilitatig discussios with these groups. Thaks to Sue Grat, Head of the Sockeye ad Pik Aalytical Program; Joe Tadey, Program Head; ad Jaso Mahoey, Biologist, with the Chum, Pik ad Recreatioal Fisheries Program from Fraser Stock Assessmet; ad Debra Seddo, Recreatioal Fishery Maager; all from Fisheries ad Oceas Caada, Lower Fraser Area. All were actively ivolved i the study throughout its early developmet ad have provided ogoig support ad valuable commets for the fial reports. Thaks to David Patterso, Habitat Research Biologist with Fisheries ad Oceas Caada located at the Cooperative Resource Maagemet Istitute, School of Resource ad Evirometal Maagemet at Simo Fraser Uiversity ad Peter Nickli ad Mike Staley from the Fraser River Aborigial Fishery Secretariat (FRAFS). Each of these idividuals provided useful commets ad directio durig the iitial formulatio of the project ad the fializatio of the basic study desig as well as commets for some of the fial reports. 4

37 Special thaks to Michelle Tug, Maager of the Fraser Salmo ad Watersheds Program (FSWP) at the Pacific Salmo Foudatio (PSF) for her support ad cotributios i steerig ad providig joit fudig for the project with additioal help from the Fraser Basi Coucil (FBC) ad Fisheries ad Oceas Caada, Lower Fraser Area. Thaks also to Mega Moser, Maager of Commuicatios, ad Costaza Testio, Program Admiistrator, Commuity Salmo Program, both from the PSF, for their valuable participatio i the project. May thaks to Ed George ad the late Bill Otway of the British Columbia Wildlife Federatio (BCWF) ad Rod Clapto of the British Columbia Federatio of Drift Fishers (BCFDF) for their support, visio, ad may cotributios to commuity ivolvemet ad help i recruitig voluteer aglers. Thaks to all the voluteer fisherme who freely cotributed their time, effort ad cooperatio to this study: Ala Abbey, Sady Abbey, Jackie Atkis, Rick Attwell, Dave Bailey, Jeff Bedry, Gabe Bergamo, Darrell Black, Ed Black, Jerry Boscariol, K. Brau, Bria Brow, Harvey Brow, Steve Brow, Clit Bruer, Craig Butler, Frak Buyar, Adrew Chow, Stephe Chow, Rod Clapto, Gle Colliar, Jack Cooke, Doug Cruise, Gle Dejog, Rob Drewitt, Jim Duffy, David J. Dubois, Jude Fawcett, Alvi Flore, Ia Forbes, Joh Gallat, Joh Gamble, Joh Geoffrey, Cyril George, Ed George, Darre Goldig, Les Goldig, Steve Gouth, Gle Grat, Tad Grzegazewski, Josh Gubert, Lucas Haider, Reid Hawki, Jim Helsdo, Grat Hemstra, Sea Hooper, Adria Hou, Wally Hou, Rick Houghto, Al Hughes, Milo Ilic, Jim Jeffrey, Devo Johso, William R. Johsto, Geoff Kaye, Chris Kerto, Paul Khog, Matt Kijsawagwog, Jim Kiler, Richard Kosler, Frak Kwak, Rick Lajoie, Bill Lamote, George Leclerc, Ed Lee, Murray Loehdorf, Sady Macdoald, Le Ma, Fred Maple, Jack Markert, Leigh McCracke, Ashley McKechie, Grat McKechie, Everett McLare, David Muto, Ke Mytte, Mike Negreiff, Jorda Nichol, Lore Nichol, Roy Nichols, Tyso Nichols, Vice Paiemet, Paul Paterso, Waie Patte, Marty Paye, Lisa Pearso, Ross Pearso, Al Pekrul, Susa Pig, Do Pipke, Kwag Poy Yee, Joey Prigle, Brya Ramage, Dave Rastad, Alla Rebalki, David Rishel, Jim Risslig, Brad Roberge, Ke Robertso, Rick Robertso, Waye Saito, Warre Shudo, Kyle Simmos, Dev Sigh, Deis Skapski, Joe Smith, Debra Seddo, Wally Spies, Athoy Sprogers, Laura Temby, Do Trethewey, Mike Urba, Marc Verrier, Carla Vike, Morrie Vike, Darre Wager, Mark Waiwright, Bria Walto, Gary Warer, Al Webber, Eric Whiteer, Todd Wickma, Nathe Wies, Nole Wies, Clifford Wog, Ray Woo, Joh Yallits. Please accept our apologies for ay omissios or misspelligs i this list. Thaks to all the techicias ad support persoel over the four years of the study: Cathy Ball for photographs to help documet the study ad participats, Joae Due for her admiistratio of the project, Amada Breuer for data etry, ad Greg Thomas for the acquisitio of supplies ad costructio of the et pes ad field equipmet. Thaks to Kyle Thomas, Frak Kwak, Chemaie Douglas, Greg Thomas, Stephaie Fredette, ad Fred Short, who worked o day-to-day logistics, ad collectig ad recordig data i the field. May thaks to Isaac Aleck of the Cheam First Natio, ad Frak Kwak of the Fraser Valley Salmo Society (FVSS) ad Upper Fraser Valley Sport Fish Advisory Committee (SFAC). Thaks also to Lester Mussell from the Skwah First Natio ad his crew for their valuable assistace 5

38 ad expertise brought to the beach seiig compoet of the study ad to Martha Fredette of the Stó:lō Tribal Coucil for her help i facilitatig First Natio participatio i the project. We would also like to thak Dr. Michael R. Doaldso, Ph.D. ad Graham D. Raby (Ph.D. cadidate) ad their support teams from the Cooke Lab at Carleto Uiversity (Ottawa) ad the Cetre for Applied Coservatio Research, Forest Scieces Cetre, Uiversity of British Columbia (Vacouver) ad others associated with the physiological ad radio telemetry work: D. A. Patterso (DFO), J. Hills (DFO), S. J. Cooke (Carleto), K. K. Eglish (LGL), D. Robichaud (LGL) ad S. G. Hich (UBC). Each cotributed to the study desig ad separate field collectio, prelimiary results ad aticipated fial aalysis ad reportig of the physiological samplig ad radiotaggig coducted cocurretly durig this study. Fudig for the physiology ad radio-taggig studies was provided separately by NSERC ad the Fraser Salmo ad Watersheds Program. Figure study team ad voluteer aglers. 6

39 REFERENCES Bjor, T. C., ad D. W. Reiser Habitat Requiremets of Salmoids i Streams. America Fisheries Society Special Publicatio 19: (Note: this publicatio is i Chapter 4 i Iflueces of Forest ad Ragelad Maagemet o Salmoid Fishes ad Their Habitats [W. R. Meeha, editor].). Brett, J. R Eergetics. Pages 1-68 i C. Groot, L. Mergolis, ad C. Clarke, editors. Physiological ecology of Pacific salmo. UBC Press, Vacouver. Doaldso, M.R., S.G. Hich, D.A. Patterso, J. Hills, J.O. Thomas, S.J. Cooke, G.D. Raby, L.A. Thompso, D. Robichaud, K.K. Eglish, ad A.P. Farrell The cosequeces of aglig ad beach seie capture o the physiology, post-release behaviour ad survival of adult sockeye salmo durig upriver migratio. Fisheries Research 108: [pdf, 643 KB] Fisheries ad Oceas Caada website: Pacific Regio, Fraser River/BC Iterior Area, Recreatioal Fisheries, I-seaso ad Post-Seaso Recreatioal Fisheries Assessmets, Creel Survey Results. Hich, S. G., S. J. Cooke, M. C. Healey, ad A. P. Farrell Behavioral physiology of fish migratios: salmo as a model approach. Pages i K. A. Sloma, R. W. Wilso, ad S. Balshie, editors. Behavior ad physiology of fish. Fish Physiology Volume 4, Elsevier, Amsterdam. J. O. Thomas ad Associates Ltd Prelimiary Ivestigatios ito Short-term Hookig Mortality of Sockeye Caught ad Released at Grassy Bar, Fraser River, British Columbia, 008. Report prepared for the Fraser Salmo ad Watersheds Program (joitly maaged by the Pacific Salmo Foudatio ad the Fraser Basi Coucil) ad Fisheries ad Oceas Caada, Lower Fraser Area. February 009, 49 pp. J. O. Thomas ad Associates Ltd Further Ivestigatios ito Short-term Hookig Mortality of Sockeye Caught ad Released at Grassy Bar, Fraser River, British Columbia, 009. Report prepared for the Fraser Salmo ad Watersheds Program (joitly maaged by the Pacific Salmo Foudatio ad the Fraser Basi Coucil) ad Fisheries ad Oceas Caada, Lower Fraser Area. March 010, 60 pp. J. O. Thomas ad Associates Ltd Further Ivestigatios ito Short-term Hookig Mortality of Sockeye Caught ad Released at Grassy Bar, Fraser River, British Columbia, 010. Report prepared for the Fraser Salmo ad Watersheds Program (joitly maaged by the Pacific Salmo Foudatio ad the Fraser Basi Coucil) ad Fisheries ad Oceas Caada, Lower Fraser Area. Jauary 011, ix + 55 pp. 7

40 Kristiaso, G., ad D. Strogitharm The evolutio of recreatioal salmo fisheries i British Columbia. Report to the Pacific Fisheries Resource Coservatio Coucil. Lee C. G., A. P. Farrell, A. Lotto, M. J. MacNutt, S. G. Hich, ad M. C. Healey The effect of temperature o swimmig performace ad oxyge cosumptio i adult sockeye (Ocorhychus erka) ad coho (O. kisutch) salmo stocks. Joural of Experimetal Biology 06: Mahoey, J Fraser River Recreatioal Fishery Assessmet. DFO Memoradum, November 1, 005. Mahoey, J Fraser River Recreatioal Fishery Assessmet. DFO Memoradum, November, 006. Meard, S Applied logistic regressio aalysis. Sage Uiversity Paper Series o Quatitative Applicatios i the Social Scieces, Series , Thousad Oaks, Califoria. Millard, M. J., S. A. Welch, J. W. Fletcher, J. Mohler, A. Kahle, ad K. Hattala Mortality associated with catch ad release of striped bass i the Hudso River. Fisheries Maagemet ad Ecology 10: Millard, M. J., J. W. Mohler, A. Kahle, ad A. Cosma Mortality associated with catch-ad-release aglig of striped bass i the Hudso River. North America Joural of Fisheries Maagemet 5(4): Nelso, K. L Catch-ad-release mortality of striped bass i the Roaoke River, North Carolia. North America Joural of Fisheries Maagemet 18(1): Newcombe, R. G Iterval estimatio for the differece betwee idepedet proportios: compariso of eleve methods. Statistics i Medicie 17: Pollock, K. H., ad W. E. Pie, III The desig ad aalysis of field studies to estimate catch-ad-release mortality. Fisheries Maagemet ad Ecology 14: Tadberg, D Calculator for Cofidece Itervals aroud the Differece betwee Two Proportios (Microsoft Excel). Dowload available from the Ceter for Evidece-based Medicie (CEBM) website, Departmet of Primary Care, Old Road Campus, Headigto, Oxford, OX3 7LF, Uited Kigdom. Wilde, G. R., K. L. Pope, ad R. E. Strauss Estimatio of fishig touramet mortality ad its samplig variace. North America Joural of Fisheries Maagemet 3(3):

41 Wilde, G. R., ad K. L. Pope A simple model for predictig survival of aglercaught ad released largemouth bass. Trasactios of the America Fisheries Society 137(3): Other resources: Cosultacy for Research ad Statistics, Quatitative Skills website - Simple Iteractive Statistical Aalysis (SISA) Two by Two table, Fisher Exact test. Logistic Regressio calculator, versio , by Joh C. Pezzullo with istructio modificatios by Kevi M. Sulliva. Hosmer, D.W., ad S. Lemeshow Applied Logistic Regressio, d Editio. Joh Wiley & Sos, New York: 39 pp. Roser, B Fudametals of Biostatistics. Thomso/Brooks Cole Publishers; 6th Revised editio (March 16, 005): 868 pp. 9

42 APPENDICES Appedix 1 Study locatio maps. Appedix Data forms. Appedix 3 Catch summaries. Appedix 4 - Adjusted mortality rate estimates by primary hookig locatio ad other aglig-related factors. Appedix 5 Water temperature profiles. Appedix 6 Study photos. Appedix 7 Fraser River sockeye escapemet ad abudace estimates. Appedix 8 Newcombe-Wilso hybrid score cofidece iterval derivatio. 30

43 Appedix 1 - Figure 1. Detailed orthophoto mosaic map of the geeral locatio of the lower Fraser River Sockeye Recreatioal Hook ad Release Mortality Study showig boat access at Islad Park, the Grassy Bar study site (red, blue dot) ad alterate et pe site at Calamity Bar (blue dot). Fraser River flows southwest. 31

44 Appedix 1 - Figure. Detailed orthophoto mosaic map of the Grassy Bar study site for the lower Fraser River Sockeye Recreatioal Hook ad Release Mortality Study showig the primary aglig site (red) ad the locatio of the holdig et pes (blue). Fraser River flows southwest. 3

45 Species 011 Lower Fraser River Sockeye Recreatioal Hook ad Release Mortality Study Appedix - Figure 1. Daily Ecouter Form Agled Group. Fraser River Sockeye Recreatioal Hook & Release Mortality Study Daily Ecouter Form Observer Name: Date: - - (dd-mmm-yyyy) Locatio: Hour Time Agler Cout Weather Strikes Hookups Losses Ladigs SO 1 CN SO CN SO 3 CN SO 4 CN SO 5 CN SO 6 CN SO 7 CN SO 8 CN J.O.Thomas & Associates Ltd. 009 Weather Codes: Species Codes: 1 = Clear 5 = Widy CO = Coho SO = Sockeye = Broke Cloud 6 = Calm CN = Chiook DV = Dolly Varde 3 = Overcast 7 = Fog ST = Steelhead CT = Cutthroat Trout 4 = Rai CM = Chum SR = Sturgeo PK = Pik SU = Sucker 33

46 Appedix - Figure. Idividual Sockeye Ladig Form (Agled Group) Fraser River Sockeye Recreatioal Hook & Release Mortality Study Idividual Sockeye Ladig Form IDENTIFICATION Date: - - Locatio: Grassy Bar (dd-mmm-yyyy) Observer: Agler: boat shore Fish Bagged?: Y N Floy Tag Number : Sex: M F U CAPTURE CONDITION DATA (circle oe coditio per variable oly) Time Hooked: : Hook Retrieval: (hh:mm - 4 h clock) hook removed lie cut Time Laded: : Fish Coditio: (hh:mm - 4 h clock) vigorous lethargic dead Netted?: Y N Bleedig: oe light moderate heavy Beached?: Y N Scalig: oe light <5% moderate 5 to 5% heavy >5% Air exposure: < 15 sec > 15 sec Predator Ijury: oe mior scrape, healed scar major ope woud, bleedig GEAR DESCRIPTION (circle oe per variable) Gear Type: bottom boucig bar fishig other Hook Size: 0 1 1/0 /0 3/0 other Leader Legth (ft.): Weight (oz.): Corkie colour: HOOK LOCATION (see diagram - check oe oly) Upper jaw / iside 1 Gills 5 Roof of mouth Togue 6 Esophagus 3 Floor of mouth 7 Corer of mouth / iside 4 Lower jaw / iside 8 Dorsal Sag (body behid head & above lateral lie) Iside Mouth Outside Mouth Other (specify) 9 Maxillary boe 13 Head - exterior 10 Operculum 14 Vetral Sag (body behid head & below Eye lateral lie) Chi - exterior 1 Other (specify) Radio Tag Data: Radio Tag Code: Radio Frequecy: COMMENTS: J.O.Thomas & Associates Ltd

47 Appedix - Figure 3. Holdig Form (Agled ad Beach Seie Groups). 35

48 Appedix - Figure 4. Beach Seie Daily Summary Form. Fraser River Sockeye Recreatioal Hook & Release Mortality Study Beach Seie Summary Date: / / (dd-mmm-yyyy) Set# Time Kept Number of Fish Caught Released (start - fiish) Sock Sock Coho Chi Chi Jk Pik Chum Sturg Other Total Commets: J.O.Thomas & Associates Ltd

49 Appedix - Figure 5. Necropsy Form. 37

50 Appedix - Figure 6. Diagrammatic view of a salmoid head illustratig hook ijury locatios (adapted from Mogillo 1984). 38

51 Appedix 3 - Table 1. Agled group catch summary for sockeye by date ad study week at Grassy Bar, Fraser River, 011. Date Average umber of aglers Number of sockeye kept or released by aglers Number of sockeye radiotagged ad released Total umber of sockeye held for 4 h Total umber of sockeye laded Agler effort (agler hrs) Mea Catch per agler hr 15-Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Week Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Week Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Week Total Appedix 3 - Table. Beach seie (referece group) catch summary by date, study week ad species at Grassy Bar, Fraser River, R e l e a s e d Date Number of sets Kept Sockeye Sockeye (Destruct- Physio) Sockeye (Radiotag) Sockeye (Release d) Coho Chiook Adult Chiook Jack Pik Chum Sturgeo Other a 15-Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Week Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Week Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Week Total a. Other fish icludes 4 pea-mouth chubs, 6 orther pike miows, ad 1 dolly varde. 39

52 Appedix 4 - Table 1. Adjusted estimates of short-term (0 to 4 h) catch-ad-release hookig mortality rates of sockeye salmo at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 011, usig bottom bouce gear, corrected for trasport/hadlig mortality. The umber of fish hooked, the release coditio after the 4 h holdig period ad the percet i the sample are preseted for the primary hookig locatios (iside mouth, maxillary boe, or other outside mouth) ad specific hookig locatio. 95% cofidece itervals (95% CI) are provided. Release coditio Primary hookig locatio Specific hookig locatio Vigorous, ot bleedig Lethargic, ot bleedig Dead Total Percet dead Percet of total Adjusted mortality rate (%) (95% CI) Iside mouth Upper jaw Roof of mouth Esophagus Corer of mouth Gills Togue Floor of mouth Lower jaw Other Iside mouth total Maxillary boe total (0-4.1) Other outside mouth Dorsal sag Head Eye Chi Operculum Vetral sag ( ) Other Other outside mouth total (0-18.1) Grad total (0-4.) 40

53 Appedix 4 - Table. Adjusted estimates of short-term (0 to 4 h) catch-ad-release hookig mortality rates of sockeye salmo at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 011, usig bottom bouce gear, corrected for hadlig mortality. The umber of fish hooked, the release coditio after the 4 h holdig period ad the percet i the sample are preseted for the primary hookig locatios (iside mouth, maxillary boe, or other outside mouth) ad leader legth (feet). 95% cofidece itervals (95% CI) are provided. Release coditio Primary hookig locatio Leader legth (ft) Vigorous, ot bleedig Lethargic, ot bleedig Dead Total Percet dead Percet of total Adjusted mortality rate (%) (95% CI) Iside mouth Iside mouth total Maxillary boe (0-7.8) (0-1.9) Maxillary boe total (0-4.1) Other outside mouth ( ) Other outside mouth total (0-18.1) Grad total (0-4.) 41

54 Appedix 4 - Table 3. Adjusted estimates of short-term (0 to 4 h) catch-ad-release hookig mortality rates of sockeye salmo at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 011, usig bottom bouce gear, corrected for hadlig mortality. The umber of fish hooked, the release coditio after the 4 h holdig period ad the percet i the sample are preseted for the primary hookig locatios (iside mouth, maxillary boe, or other outside mouth) ad hook size. 95% cofidece itervals (95% CI) are provided. Release coditio Primary hookig locatio Hook size Vigorous, ot bleedig Lethargic, ot bleedig Dead Total Percet dead Percet of total Adjusted mortality rate (%) (95% CI) Iside mouth 1/ / / / Iside mouth total Maxillary boe 1/ / / (0-4.7) 4/ Maxillary boe total (0-4.1) Other outside mouth 1/ / / (0-0.1) 4/ Other outside mouth total (0-18.1) Grad total (0-4.) 4

55 Appedix 4 - Table 4. Adjusted estimates of short-term (0 to 4 h) catch-ad-release hookig mortality rates of sockeye salmo at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 011, usig bottom bouce gear, corrected for hadlig mortality. The umber of fish hooked, the release coditio after the 4 h holdig period ad the percet i the sample are preseted for the primary hookig locatios (iside mouth, maxillary boe, or other outside mouth) ad amout of bleedig at time of capture. 95% cofidece itervals (95% CI) are provided. Release coditio Primary hookig locatio Bleedig at capture Vigorous, ot bleedig Lethargic, ot bleedig Dead Total Percet dead Percet of total Adjusted mortality rate (%) (95% CI) Iside mouth Noe Light Moderate Heavy Iside mouth total Maxillary boe Noe Light Moderate ( ) Maxillary boe total (0-4.1) Other outside mouth Noe Light (0-40.4) Moderate ( ) Other outside mouth total (0-18.1) Grad total (0-4.) 43

56 Appedix 4 - Table 5. Adjusted estimates of short-term (0 to 4 h) catch-ad-release hookig mortality rates of sockeye salmo at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 011, usig bottom bouce gear, corrected for hadlig mortality. The umber of fish hooked, the release coditio after the 4 h holdig period ad the percet i the sample are preseted for the primary hookig locatios (iside mouth, maxillary boe, or other outside mouth) ad amout of scale loss. 95% cofidece itervals (95% CI) are provided. Release coditio Primary hookig locatio Scale loss at time of capture Vigorous, ot bleedig Lethargic, ot bleedig Dead Total Percet dead Percet of total Adjusted mortality rate (%) (95% CI) Iside mouth Noe Light Moderate Iside mouth total Maxillary boe Noe (0-4.) Light Moderate Maxillary boe total (0-4.1) Other outside mouth Noe (0-0.1) Light Moderate Other outside mouth total (0-18.1) Grad total (0-4.) 44

57 Appedix 4 - Table 6. Adjusted estimates of short-term (0 to 4 h) catch-ad-release hookig mortality rates of sockeye salmo at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 011, usig bottom bouce gear, corrected for hadlig mortality. The umber of fish hooked, the release coditio after the 4 h holdig period ad the percet i the sample are preseted for the primary hookig locatios (iside mouth, maxillary boe, or other outside mouth) ad size of castig weight (ouces). 95% cofidece itervals (95% CI) are provided. Release coditio Primary hookig locatio Castig weight (oz) Vigorous, ot bleedig Lethargic, ot bleedig Dead Total Percet dead Percet of total Adjusted mortality rate (%) (95% CI) Iside mouth Iside mouth total Maxillary boe (0-5.0) Maxillary boe total (0-4.1) Other outside mouth (0-4.1) Other outside mouth total (0-18.1) Grad total (0-4.) 45

58 Appedix 4 - Table 7. Adjusted estimates of short-term (0 to 4 h) catch-ad-release hookig mortality rates of sockeye salmo at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 011, usig bottom bouce gear, corrected for hadlig mortality. The umber of fish hooked, the release coditio after the 4 h holdig period ad the percet i the sample are preseted for fish that were beached or ot beached at time of capture. 95% cofidece itervals (95% CI) are provided. Release coditio Beached? Vigorous, ot bleedig Lethargic, ot bleedig Dead Total Percet dead Percet of total Adjusted mortality rate (%) (95% CI) Yes No (0-4.6) Grad total (0-4.) 46

59 Appedix 4 - Table 8. Adjusted estimates of short-term (0 to 4 h) catch-ad-release hookig mortality rates of sockeye salmo at Grassy Bar i the Fraser River i 011, usig bottom bouce gear, corrected for hadlig mortality. The umber of fish hooked, the release coditio after the 4 h holdig period ad the percet i the sample are preseted for fish that exhibited predator wouds at time of capture. 95% cofidece itervals (95% CI) are provided. Release coditio Predator wouds Vigorous, ot bleedig Lethargic, ot bleedig Dead Total Percet dead Percet of total Adjusted mortality rate (%) (95% CI) Noe (0-4.6) Mior Major Grad total (0-4.) 47

60 Appedix 5 - Figure 1. Compariso of holdig pe (dashed) ad aglig site (solid) water temperatures recorded every 15 miutes at Grassy Bar, Fraser River, 011 (lower plot). The upper plot shows deviatio of the holdig pe water temperature from that of the aglig site Deviatio of holdig pe water temperature from aglig site ( o C) 0 Water Temp ( o C) Period 1 Aug Period Aug -6 Holdig Pe Aglig Site Period 3 Aug 9-Sep Aug Aug Aug-11 1-Aug-11 3-Aug-11 5-Aug-11 7-Aug-11 9-Aug Aug-11 -Sep-11 Appedix 5 - Figure. Compariso of water levels (m) i the Fraser River at Hope, BC (08MF005), from August 1 to September 4 for each of the four study years; 008 to 011, compared to the historical mea (191 to 010) Water level (m) Historical Mea ( ) 3.50 Aug 1 Aug 5 Aug 10 Aug 15 Aug 0 Aug 5 Aug 30 Sep 4 Source: Eviromet Caada, Water Office, Real-time hydrometric data ( 48

61 Appedix 6 - Figure 1. High water i the Fraser River i July ad August, 011 resulted i sigificat erosio of the baks o Grassy Bar ad loss of beachfrot. (photo: Jim Thomas). Appedix 6 - Figure. Bak erosio ear the dowstream edge of Grassy Bar caused by high water i the Fraser River i 011. (photo: Jim Thomas). 49

62 Appedix 6 - Figure 3. Typical bottom bouce gear (photo: Cathy Ball). Appedix 6 - Figure 4. High water i 011 resulted i agler crowdig o the available beach (photo: Jim Thomas). 50

63 Appedix 6 - Figure 5. Typical hookig locatio (left maxillary) observed i the recreatioal sockeye bottom bouce fishery at Grassy Bar, Fraser River (photo: Bill Otway). Appedix 6 - Figure 6. Chiook catches by aglers were promiet durig the 011 study (photo: Jim Thomas). 51

64 Appedix 6 - Figure 7. Holdig pes ad predator et cofiguratio i the side chael situated at the souther (dowstream) ed of Grassy Bar, Fraser River (photo: Jim Thomas). Appedix 6 - Figure 8. Release of a live, vigorous sockeye after the 4 h holdig period (photo: Cathy Ball). 5

65 Appedix 6 - Figure 9. Aglers were required to fish dowstream durig beach seiig operatios (photo: Jim Thomas). Appedix 6 - Figure 10. Beach seiig for referece group fish (photo: Cathy Ball). 53

66 Appedix 6 - Figure 11. Nodestructive physiological samplig of a hooked ad laded sockeye (photo: Cathy Ball). Appedix 6 - Figure 1. Isertio of a micro-coded radio tag ito the stomach of a captured sockeye. (photo: Jim Thomas). 54

67 Appedix 6 - Figure 13. Mobile trackig of a radio-tagged ad released sockeye (photo: Jim Thomas). 55