Subphylum Urochordata Subphylum Cephalochordata Subphylum Vertebrata
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1 Subphylum Urochordata Subphylum Cephalochordata Subphylum Vertebrata
2 The most diverse of all vertebrates
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29 My research on fish * PhD Program (Oregon State University) Olfaction in coho salmon * Post-doctoral fellowship (University of Saskatchewan) Chemical communication in minnows
30 Month: April Ice thickness: 4 ft
31 Q: What is a fish?? Jellyfish Starfish Cuttlefish Shellfish Silverfish Crayfish A loosely used word!!
32 DEFINITION ATTEMPT: Gill-breathing, poikilothermic, aquatic vertebrate that possesses fins and has skin usually covered with scales. Dominant Vertebrate: more species (25,000) than all other vertebrates combined!! EXPERTS: Ichthyologists
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34 Jawless Fishes ( Agnatha ) Subphylum Vertebrata Class Myxini (hagfish)
35 Hagfish Observations: Notochord persistant No paired appendages No Stomach Isoosmotic with seawater Naked skin
36 Hagfish Slime Pores
37 Hagfish Slime
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39 enters a dead or dying animal through an orifice or by digging into the body rasps bits of flesh from its prey. *
40 Knotting behavior produces greater ripping force
41 Subphylum Vertebrata CLASS Petromyzontida (lampreys)
42 Lamprey Observations Notochord persistant No stomach Naked skin No paired appendages Migrate upriver to spawn Pharyngeal slits (7) Kidney that regulates water & solutes
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47 Cartilaginous Skeleton
48 Hagfish Lamprey Jawed Fish Cartilaginous Fish Bony Fish
49 Lamprey Life History Prolonged larval stage Both freshwater and marine species All species migrate up a river to spawn (marine species: anadromous ) Both parasitic & nonparasitic species
50 NOTE: Nonparasitic species do not feed as adults. Digestive system degenerates reproduce & die w/in a few months!! (or ocean) (1 3 yr) Adults die (3-7(+) yr)
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52 CLASS CHONDRICHTHYS
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56 Class Chondrichthys Subclass Holocephali Chimeras ratfish
57 Subclass Elasmobranchii (sharks, skates, rays) Bodies fusiform or depressed Ventral mouth Naked or with placoid scales Spiral valve Buoyancy: liver not swim bladder Isoosmotic to seawater Internal fertilization Cartilaginous ENDOskeleton notochord reduced
58 * Mammalian Vertebral Column *
59 Bony Fish Snake Class Chondrichythys All-Cartilage Skeleton (may be variably calcified)
60 SHARK Left pectoral fin - Pterygiophores - Ceratotrichia
61 Nares
62 Skate Skeleton Pectoral Fins
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64 Water Flow
65 SHARK SKIN naris (s) nares (pl) Note countershading
66 Mammalian tooth Epidermis Placoid scales - are DERMAL - are modified in the mouth as teeth - are homologous to vertebrate teeth
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69 Shark teeth fossilize cartilaginous skeletons do not
70 ELECTRORECEPTION Electrical Field Detection System Stephano Lorenzini (1678)
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72 Unusual Read about the shark s surprising manner of osmoregulation
73 Boots Musical instruments Tablecloth Bottles of wine A bulldog s head Barrel of nails Fur coat Porcupine
74 Lift in the form of buoyancy: 1) Liver = 25% of body mass 80% of liver = low density fats (e.g., squalene density = 0.86 g/ml) 2) Cartilage is less dense than bone
75 Big Buoyant Fatty Liver
76 The Bony Fishes CLASS Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Common Ancestor Tetrapods CLASS Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
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78 Extant Lobe-finned fish!! ( living fossil ) Fisherman caught one in 1938 Latimeria
79 Devonian Fossils Eusthenopteron lobe-fined fish from the late Devonian Period. Note pectoral fin attached to the skull. Acanthostega early Devonian tetrapod Note forelimb bones (not a strong walker)
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81 Class Sarcopterygii Lobe-finned fishes include the extant LUNGFISH (1 species) (4 species) Neoceratodus forsteri (1 species) 1 st record: 380 mya
82 Swim bladder Gut Common Ancestor Lungfish Origin of Vertebrate Lungs? Lungfish
83 Lungfish Unbroken Notochord! (some Vertebra?)
84 African Lungfish Circulation
85 Tissues
86 CLASS Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) All typical bony fish (>25,000 species)
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89 Diversity Of Body Shapes
90 Most Fish Strong vertebral column upturn Slight upturn but external symmetry No vertebral column upturn
91 Variation: Homocercal Tails of Bony Fish
92 Strongly Modified Dorsal Fins
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95 Anchoring of Dorsal Fin body surface Muscle Tissue
96 Soft Rays e.g., minnow Hard Rays e.g., sunfish lateral anterior lateral anterior
97 Embedded Exposed Embedded Exposed Examples: Trout Minnows Perch Sunfish
98 Surprise?? Epidermis lies above scales * * Fish Body Wall
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100 Catfishes have a naked skin (no scales) Super-sensitivity to dissolved amino acids 1 dot = 100 taste buds 10-9 to M
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102 BODY FORM
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104 Chinook Salmon (cross-section) Vertical Septum Horizontal Septum C
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106 Little DRAG Lots Tuna Mackerel Shark Eel Fast Tail Flip Rate Slow
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108 Weight- Specific Cost of Transport (J/m/kg) Buoyancy Helps!
109 Novel Buoyancy
110 Swim Bladders - Physostomous connection to gut - Physoclistous no connection
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113 Low-frequency Hearing in Minnows
114 Physoclistous Swim Bladder Adjustable Volume while submerged Physostomous Swim Bladder
115 No Adjustment Swim Bladder Volume Adjustment Depth Swim Bladder Volume Swim Bladder Pressure Depth
116 Read about lactic acid production and how blood responds
117 Aquatic Respiration Possibilities
118 Operculum Gill Arch Gill
119 Plankton Filter Feeders e.g., herring, shad
120 1 Liter O 2 1 L water BAD BAD BAD water 1 L air O 2 N
121 Higher Pressure Low Pressure Lower Pressure High Pressure arch 1 2 Water In Water Out
122 Also: RAM VENTILATION
123 When to Pump When to RAM? Mackerel n = 5 Fish Active Pumping Rate (cycles/sec) No Pumping = 100 % RAM Swimming Speed (m/sec)
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125 Fathead Minnow Lamellae Filament RBCs
126 Physiology s Most Beautiful Principle: Countercurrent Exchange
127 Birds & Mammals: More Area Air: More Oxygen Gas Exchange Membrane Area (cm 2 ) Conclusion: CCE is super-efficient
128 Conclusion: CCE is super-efficient
129 Fish Blood
130 The Big Picture Single Loop
131 4 Chambers Bony Fish Heart
132 Blood Supply to the Heart?? Higher Vertebrates Most Fish
133 Some fish (salmon, tuna, sharks), some amphibians & reptiles
134 Warm-blooded Fish??
135 Counter-current Heat Exchanger Tuna Cross Section
136 Hydrating Environment NH 3 NH 3 Why NH 3?
137 Desiccating Environment
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140 BIG BUSINESS Bass Tournament
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