Heavy Metals in Garra gotyla, Cyprinus carpio and Cyprinion watsoni from the River Panjkora, District, Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

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1 1 Environmentl Sienes Vol.59: e , Jnury-Deemer ISSN Online Edition BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES OF BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY AN I N T E R N A T I O N A L J O U R N A L Hevy Metls in Grr gotyl, Cyprinus rpio nd Cyprinion wtsoni from the River Pnjkor, Distrit, Lower Dir, Khyer Pkhtunkhw, Pkistn Sn Ullh 1 ; Zqhim Hussin 1 ; Shhid Mhoo 2,3* ; Khlid Al-Ghnim 2. 1 Quid-i-Azm University, Islmd, Pkistn; 2 Deprtment of Zoology, College of Siene, P. O. Box 2455, King Sud University, riydh, Sudi Ari; 3 Government College University Fisld, AFisld, Pkistn. ABSTRACT This study ws onduted in the River Pnjkor, Pkistn, in order to ssess the level of hevy metls umulted in the liver, kidneys, gills nd musle tissues of three highly onsumed fish speies y the lol ommunity, Grr gotyl, Cyprinus rpio nd Cyprinion wtsoni. The hevy metls inluding mngnese (Mn), iron (Fe), hromium (Cr), zin (Zn), led (P), dmium (Cd) nd nikel (Ni) were determined in the olleted fish speimens through n tomi sorption spetrophotometer. Level of hevy metls signifintly vried depending upon tissues type nd fish speies. Cyprinus rpio umulted highest onentrtion of hevy metls, followed y Grr gotyl while Cyprinion wtsoni umulted lest onentrtion of hevy metls. All the three speies displyed signifint differenes in level of umulted hevy metls. The order of umultion in tissues ws gills<musles<kidney<liver. Cd nd Ni were not deteted in ll olleted speimens while Mn ws not deteted in the tissues of Cyprinion wtsoni olleted from the referene site. Key words: River; Control site; Tissues; Pollution; Hevy Metls * Authors for orrespondene: shhidmhoo60@hotmil.om Brz. Arh. Biol. Tehnol. v.59: e , Jn/De 2016

2 2 Mhoo, S et l. INTRODUCTION Different nturl soures nd nthropogeni tivities led to hevy metls pollution [1-2]. However, in fluvil environmentl setup, it my e result of geologi wethering, tmospheri deposition or dishrge of industril, residentil, muniipl nd griulturl dishrge [3]. Hevy metls distriution in sediments, djent to settlements, my provide evidene of the impts of nthropogeni tivities on eosystems. The umultion of hevy metls in sediments plys predominnt role, nd its onsequenes ffet lol ommunities in generl nd wter qulity of the river speifilly, whih is home for numer of edile quti orgnisms. Mny inverterte orgnisms use sediments s their food soure nd my umulte toxi metls, thret to mny helthy speies t the top of the food hin, speifilly fish, irds nd humn eings [4]. Moreover, the repossession of the metls from ontminted sediments of the rivers or strems poses sustntil risk to lol msses vi fish onsumption or through the remoiliztion of metls into rops from griulturl lnds [5]. The presene of these metls in higher mount or in over permissile limits thretens the helth of quti nimls s well s terrestril ones inluding men [6]. Certin hevy metls suh s iron, zin nd opper re neessry for metolism in fish, wheres others, suh s led, dmium nd merury ply no identified role in the fish iologil system [7]. For mintining norml metolism, essentil metls must e present in optimum onentrtions nd tken up from sediments, food nd mient wter. However, like the essentil ones, the nonessentil metls re lso tken up nd umulted in different tissues of the fish. Previous studies onduted in oth lortory environments s well s in the fields reveled hevy metl umultion in vrious onentrtions in different fish tissues, primrily dependent upon exposure period nd the onentrtions of the hevy metls in the mient wter, though other environmentl ftors inluding temperture, hrdness, ph nd slinity lso ply key role [8]. Aumultion of the hevy metls in fish is lso dependent upon size, sex, life yle, feeding ehviour, pture seson nd eologil needs of the fish [1-2]. Fish is onsidered s the est sentries for the investigtion of n environmentl helth nd the pollution sttus of the quti eosystems [9]. Hevy metls umulte in the food hin, nd dversely ffet fish. Consequently, it sometimes leds to mss mortlity [10] or lters the physiology nd iohemil spets of the fish [11]. On ount of its eonomi worth nd puli helth vlue, reserh regrding hevy metl ontents in fish tissues hs een rried out in different prts of the world s well s Pkistn [12-15]. Studies onduted on river Kul reveled the presene of hevy metls in different fish speies inluding Tor putitor, Ompok imultus, Aorihthys seenghl, Cyprinus rpio, Leo dyoheilus nd Wllgo ttu in higher onentrtion thn the permissile limits [16-18]. Mny reent studies reports the presene of hevy metls in vrious fish speies from different prts of the ountry [19-21]. Keeping in view the urrent senrio of n inrese in hevy metl onentrtions in different freshwter odies in Pkistn, nd the inresing risks ssoited with onsumption of fish hving higher onentrtions of toxi metls, the urrent study ws rried out to determine onentrtions of different hevy metls in the kidneys, liver, gills nd musle tissues of three highly onsumed fish speies (Grr gotyl, Cyprinus rpio nd Cyprinion wtsoni) from the river Pnjkor, Pkistn. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Study Are: Distrit Lower Dir is situted t 71º, 31 to 72º, 14 est nd 34º, 37 to 35º, 07 north, respetively in the Hindukush rnge (Ullh nd Ahmd, 2015) nd is out 2700 feet ove se level. It is ounded to west y Bjur Ageny (FATA) nd Afghnistn, to est y Swt distrit, to south y Mlknd distrit nd to north y the Chitrl distrit [22]. River Pnjkor origintes from Kohistn Upper Dir distrit nd flows through the Lower Dir Distrit, dividing the distrits into two hlves, nd lter on joins river Swt t Shrti, Bosq pull, ehind Distrit Mlknd. River Pnjkor is omposed of five min strems in Upper Dir distrit, while two strems in Lower Dir distrit [Fig. 1]. Brz. Arh. Biol. Tehnol. v.59: e , Jn/De 2016

3 Effet of hevy metls in tissues in fish 3 Figure 1: Smpling sites within the study re in river Pnjkor t Lower Dir distrit 2.2 Smpling nd nlysis: Nine speimens of eh speies, from two distint nd highly populted res (Khll: Upstrem nd Timergr: Downstrem) of the distrit, nd pollution free s ontrol site (Konhye strem: triutry joining the Pnjkor river t Koto) were olleted. The fish were shifted to the reserh lortory fter wshing with tp wter nd disseted plsti knife. The kidney, musles, liver nd gills smples were weighed, pked properly nd froze t -20 C for nlysis. The tissue smples were thwed t room temperture efore nlysis. Approximtely 1 g (gills, liver, kidney nd musle) ws weighed in n Erlenmeyer flsk nd digested with 5 ml Perhlori id nd 15 ml HNO3 on hot plte until rown fumes esed to evolve, then smples were ooled t room temperture, diluted with 50 ml distilled wter y following [21]. 2.3 Anlysis of fish smples Smples of gills, kidney, liver nd musle of Grr gotyl, Cyprinus rpio nd Cyprinion wtsoni in triplites were nlysed y following the methods s desried y [1-2]. Hevy metls inluding mngnese (Mn), iron (Fe), hromium (Cr), zin (Zn), opper (Cu), led (P), dmium (Cd) nd nikel (Ni) were deteted y using Atomi Brz. Arh. Biol. Tehnol. v.59: e , Jn/De 2016

4 4 Mhoo, S et l. Asorption Spetrometer (Z-2000 Hithi). Smple of fish orgns viz. gills, liver, kidney nd musle were digested, seprtely with onentrted nitri id. 0.5 gm of eh smple ws tken in 100 ml tue nd 3 ml of onentrted HNO 3 ws dded. Smples were heted in tues t 100, 150, 200 nd 250 C on hot plte for 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 nd 1.5 hr, respetively. 2 ml of 1N HNO 3ws dded to the residue nd the solution ws evported gin on hot plte, ontinuing until smple ws ompletely digested nd eome olourless. The smple ws ooled nd 10 ml of 1N HNO 3 ws dded gin. Digested smple ws trnsferred to 500 ml volumetri flsk to mke the volume y using the doule distilled wter. The digested smple volume ws filtered through 0.45 µm Millipore memrne filter. The filtrte ws nlysed for Mn, Fe, Cr, Zn, Cu, P, Cd nd Ni ording to [1-2]. The lnks nd lirtion stndrd solution were lso nlysed in the sme wy s for the smples. The instrument lirtion stndrds were prepred y diluting stndrd (1000 ppm) supplied y Merk, Germny. A known 1000 mg/l onentrtion of P, Cu, Fe nd Cr solution ws prepred from their slts. All regents used were of nlytil grde purhsed from Merk, Germny. 2.4 Sttistil Anlysis: Dt from the experiment were expressed s men ± stndrd error nd were nlysed through one-wy nlysis of vrine (ANOVA) followed y LSD test using Sttistix 8.1. Level of signifine ws onsidered signifint sttistilly t P<0.05. Mp of the study re ws prepred using ArGIS V RESULTS Among the studied hevy metls, dmium nd nikel were under detetle onentrtions, wheres the rest of the metls rnged in different onentrtions, oth lotion nd speies wise. The overll omprison reveled the level of hevy metls ws higher t downstrem (Timergr) followed y upstrem (Khll), wheres the minimum lest onentrtions were oserved in fish speimens olleted from Konhye strem (referene site). Among the three fish speies highest onentrtion ws reorded in C. rpio followed y G. gotyl nd C. wtsoni. The order of umultion of hevy metl in tissues ws gills<musles<kidney<liver. In Grr gotyl the order of umultion of hevy metls ws deteted s Mn<P=Cu<Cr<Zn<Fe nd Mn<P=Cu=Cr<Zn t upstrem followed y downstrem nd referene site. Ni nd Cd were not deteted in ny of the olleted speimens from ll the three smpling sites (Figure 2). Hevy metls umulted in the kidney of G. gotyl in the order of Mn<P=Cu=Cr<Fe<Zn, Mn<P=Cu=Cr<Zn<Fe nd P=Cu=Cr<Fe<Zn t upstrem, downstrem nd referene site, respetively. Mn ws not deteted in the of G. gotyl olleted from ontrol site (Figure 3). The order of umultion of hevy metls in gills ws Mn<P=Cr=Cu<Zn<Fe, Mn<Cu=Cr<P<Fe<Zn nd Cu=Cr<Fe=Zn t upstrem, downstrem nd referene site, respetively. However, P nd Mn ws not deteted in the gills of ontrol fish (Figure 4). The order of umultion in musle tissues ws Mn=P<Cr=Cu<Zn=Fe, Mn=P<Cu=Cr<Zn<Fe, nd Cu=Cr<Zn<Fe t upstrem, downstrem nd referene site, respetively. Mn nd P were not deteted in musle smples of G. gotyl from referene site (Figure 5). Brz. Arh. Biol. Tehnol. v.59: e , Jn/De 2016

5 Kidney (µg/g) Liver (µg/g) Effet of hevy metls in tissues in fish 5 Khll Konhye Timergr P Cu Zn Cr Fe Mn Hevy Metls Figure 2: Conentrtion (µg/g) of hevy metls in G. gotyl liver Khll Konhye Timergr P Cu Zn Cr Fe Mn Hevy Metls Figure 3: Conentrtion (µg/g) of hevy metls in G. gotyl kidney Brz. Arh. Biol. Tehnol. v.59: e , Jn/De 2016

6 Musles (µg/g) Gills (µg/g) 6 Mhoo, S et l. Khll Konhye Timergr P Cu Zn Cr Fe Mn Hevy Metls Figure 4: Conentrtion (µg/g) of hevy metls in G. gotyl gills Khll Konhye Timergr P Cu Zn Cr Fe Mn Hevy Metls Figure 5: Conentrtion (µg/g) of hevy metls in G. gotyl musle In Cyprinus rpio Ni nd Cd were not deteted in ny tissue smples of fish olleted from upstrem, downstrem nd ontrol site. The order of umultion of hevy metl in liver of C. rpio ws Mn=P=Cu<Cr<Fe<Zn, Mn=Cu<Cr=P<Zn<Fe nd Mn<P=Cu=Cr<Fe<Zn t upstrem, downstrem nd referene site, respetively (Figure 6). The order of umultion of hevy metls in the kidney ws Mn=Cu=Cr<P<Fe<Zn, Mn=Cu=P=Cr<Zn<Fe nd Mn=Cr<P=Cu<Fe<Zn t upstrem, downstrem nd referene site, respetively (Figure 7). In gills the order of umultion of these metls ws Mn<Cr=P=Cu<Fe<Zn, Mn<P=Cu<Cr<Fe<Zn nd P=Cr=Cu<Fe<Zn t upstrem, downstrem nd referene site, respetively (Figure 8). The order of hevy metls in musle tissues of C. rpio ws Mn<Cr=Cu=P<Zn<Fe, Mn=Cu=P<Cr<Zn>Fe nd P=Cu=Cr<Fe<Zn t upstrem, downstrem nd referene site, respetively (Figure 9). Brz. Arh. Biol. Tehnol. v.59: e , Jn/De 2016

7 Kidney (µg/g) Liver (µg/g) Effet of hevy metls in tissues in fish 7 0,50 Khll Konhye Timergr P Cu Zn Cr Fe Mn Hevy Metls Figure 6: Conentrtion (µg/g) of hevy metls in C. rpio liver 0,50 Khll Konhye Timergr P Cu Zn Cr Fe Mn Hevy Metls Figure 7: Conentrtion (µg/g) of hevy metls in C. rpio kidney Brz. Arh. Biol. Tehnol. v.59: e , Jn/De 2016

8 Musles (µg/g) Gills (µg/g) 8 Mhoo, S et l. Khll Konhye Timergr P Cu Zn Cr Fe Mn Hevy Metls Figure 8: Conentrtion (µg/g) of hevy metls in C. rpio gills Khll Konhye Timergr P Cu Zn Cr Fe Mn Hevy Metls Figure 9: Conentrtion (µg/g) of hevy metls in C. rpio musles Mn ws not deteted in the smples of Cyprinion wtsoni proured from ontrol site. The order of umultion of hevy metls in the liver of C. wtsoni ws s Mn<P=Cu=Cr<Zn<Fe, Mn<Cu<P=Cr<Zn<Fe nd P=Cu=Cr<Fe<Zn olleted from upstrem, downstrem nd ontrol sites, respetively (Figure 10). In kidneys the order of hevy metls ws oserved s Mn<P=Cu=Cr<Fe=Zn, Mn<P=Cu=Cr<Zn<Fe nd P=Cr=Cu<Zn<Fe in fish olleted from upstrem, downstrem nd referene site, respetively (Figure 11). The order of umultion of hevy metls in gills ws s Mn=Cr<Cu<P<Zn<Fe, Mn<Cu=Cr<P<Fe<Zn nd Cu=Cr<P<Fe<Zn t upstrem, downstrem nd ontrol sites, respetively (Figure 12). The order of umultion of hevy metls in musle of C. wtsoni, ws remined s Mn=P<Cu=Cr<Zn<Fe, Mn=P=Cr<Cu<Zn<Fe nd Cu=Cr<Fe<Z t upstrem, downstrem nd ontrol site. P ws not deteted in the musle smples of C. wstoni olleted from the ontrol site (Figure 13). Brz. Arh. Biol. Tehnol. v.59: e , Jn/De 2016

9 Kidney (µg/g) Liver (µg/g) Effet of hevy metls in tissues in fish 9 Khll Konhye Timergr P Cu Zn Cr Fe Mn Hevy Metls Figure 10: Conentrtion (µg/g) of hevy metls in C. wtsoni liver Khll Konhye Timergr P Cu Zn Cr Fe Mn Hevy Metls Figure 11: Conentrtion (µg/g) of hevy metls in C. wtsoni kidney Brz. Arh. Biol. Tehnol. v.59: e , Jn/De 2016

10 Musles (µg/g) Gills (µg/g) 10 Mhoo, S et l. Khll Konhye Timergr P Cu Zn Cr Fe Mn Hevy Metls Figure 12: Conentrtion (µg/g) of hevy metls in C. wtsoni gills Khll Konhye Timergr P Cu Zn Cr Fe Mn Hevy Metls Figure 13: Conentrtion (µg/g) of hevy metls in C. wtsoni musle DISCUSSION The fish speies seleted for the study ws due to their higher onsumption rte nd onsumer preferene in the study re. The hevy metls were seleted due to their vilility in the study re nd their potentil hzrds to oth humns nd nimls, terrestril s well s quti. The studied hevy metls deteted in the tissues of the seleted fish speies were within the suggested permissile limits [23-25]. The higher onentrtion of Zn in speimens olleted from oth upstrem nd downstrem might e due to the presene of roks nd minerls ross the distrit, while inresed onentrtion of Fe ws oserved in speimens olleted t downstrem might e due to diret disposl of sewges. A previous study lso showed higher level of hevy metls umultion in the tissues of Rom lit, Crossoheilus diploheilus nd Shizothorx esoinus, t Timergr s ompred to upstrem res [1]. The onentrtions of Mn, P, Cu, Cr nd Zn were Brz. Arh. Biol. Tehnol. v.59: e , Jn/De 2016

11 Effet of hevy metls in tissues in fish 11 higher in fishes proured from upstrem ompred to the referene site whih might e ttriuted to the inresed diret dishrge of ity wstes, effluents, griulturl runoffs nd domiiliry hemils to the river. It might lso e due to the enhned input of wstes nd effluents from the hevily populted riverine res inluding Rt, Munji, Odigrm, Hji Ad, Min Bnd nd Blmt situted on the nks of the river Pnjkor. Among these sites the lst two re more importnt, s these re eing used s dumping site sine very long for the dishrge of wstes from vegetle, rokery nd generl mrkets of Timergr, the mjor ity of the distrit. The onentrtion of hevy metls in the present study is muh lower thn those onduted in other prts of the Khyer Pkhtunkhw provine [16-18]. It might e due to the higher nthropogeni tivities resulting in dumping nd input of hevy industril effluents nd pollutnts, domesti sewges nd griulturl run offs into those rivers. Lower Dir distrit is not hving hevy industries nd soures of muniipl effluents. Therefore, the onentrtions of hevy metls were rnging under permissile limits, thus pprently optimum for humn onsumption. The omprison of hevy metl onentrtions is rther diffiultproposition for different fish speies, or even for the sme tissue of different fish speies euse of their feedings hits, nlysed tissue type, speies growth rtes, nd vrition in their mient environment regrding the level nd type of the wter pollution [26]. Generlly, it is thought tht uptke of hevy metls tkes ple through onsuming food or from sediment nd wter. Those fish speies tht re urrowing or ottom feeders umulte hevy metls from the sediments, however. their effiieny of metls uptke might differ regrding their metolism, eologil needs nd the grdients of ontminnts in their food, mient wter nd sediments nd other ftors inluding interting gents, temperture nd slinity. It is widely epted tht hevy metls umultion in sustntil higher level might e very toxi to fish speifilly for young nd egg stges on ount of their sensitiveness to pollution [12]. Liver, gills, kidneys nd gonds tive tissues metolilly nd re the trget orgns of hevy metl umultion in higher level [27]. Among the speies C. rpio umulted highest onentrtion of hevy metls, followed y G. gotyl. The differenes in onentrtion of umulted hevy metls might e due to the vritions in eologil needs, metolism, ge, size, length, swimming ehviours nd hitt of the fish speies [19, 28]. The vritions might lso e ttriuted to the pity of different fish speies of induing metl inding proteins i.e., metllothionein. These proteins re produed in higher mount in metoli orgns suh s liver. The highest mount of hevy metls ws deteted in liver of ll the three speies, s ompre to other tissues, whih might hve enhned the prodution of metllothionein in higher mount to detoxify the umulte metls in higher onentrtions [8]. The present study reveled tht the level of hevy metls in Grr gotyl, Cyprinus rpio nd Cyprinion wtsoni were within the suggested permissile limited suggested y vrious Interntionl orgniztions. The river Pnjkor n er the urden of sewge from the neighouring res, ut ontinuous inrese in pollution, usge of riverine res s pini spots, dishrge of domesti wstes nd griulturl runoffs might led to the deteriorted environmentl stte of the river in the future. Consequently, fish onsumption from the river might pose thret, depending on industril nd griulturl growth of the distrit. Further studies for estlishing the reltionship etween fish growth nd level of metl umultion in the river should e rried out osionlly, to know its effets on the urrent popultion dynmis nd development of the fish speies. CONCLUSION It hs een onluded tht the hevy metls were rnged within the permissile limits nd there is no pprent thret in onsumption of the fish from the river. At present the river n er the urden of the sewge system ut ontinuous dumping of the pollutnts might led to serious prolems in the future. Regulr monitoring nd implementing strit environmentl lws re reommended for voiding deteriortion of the environmentl stte of the river. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The uthors would like to express their sinere ppreition to the Denship of Sientifi Reserh t King Sud University for its funding of this reserh through the Reserh Group Projet No. Prolifi Reserh Group No Brz. Arh. Biol. Tehnol. v.59: e , Jn/De 2016

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13 Effet of hevy metls in tissues in fish 13 ephlus from strem in southwestern Turkey. Chemosphere.2006; 63( ). Reeived: Jnury 15, 2016; Aepted: My 11, 2016 Brz. Arh. Biol. Tehnol. v.59: e , Jn/De 2016