This information is presented under authority granted the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service to conduct performance tests, including

Transcription

1 This information is presented under authority granted the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service to conduct performance tests, including interpretation of data to the public, and does not imply endorsement or recommendation by North Carolina State University. Any use of data or information presented in this bulletin must be accompanies by conspicuous disclaimer which states, "endorsement or recommendation by North Carolina State University is not implied."

2 North Carolina Measured Crop Performance Small Grains 2001 D.T. BOWMAN Official Variety Testing Department of Crop Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. COMPARING VARIETIES 2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 6 Entries ' 6 Field Plot Design... 6 Crop Management 6 Map - Locations of Official Variety Tests 7 Contact Person and Agencies Sponsoring Entries 10 Cooperators 12 SEASONAL CONDITIONS 13 DATA 13 FIGURES Bertie County Weekly Weather Data 14 Lenoir County Weekly Weather Data 15 Rowan County Weekly Weather Data 16 Washington County Weekly Weather Data 17 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 18 TABLES Barley 18 Oats 18 Wheat Characteristics of barley varieties 4 2. Characteristics of oat varieties 4 3. Characteristics of wheat varieties 5 4. Cultural practices for small grain tests)

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5. Soil test results from test sites, Two-year average performance of barley varieties in the Piedmont-Rowan county, Average performance of barley varieties in the Piedmont-Aowan county Three-year statewide average performance of wheat varieties Two-year statewide average performance of wheat varieties Average performance of wheat varieties in the Piedmont-Rowan County

5 2001 PERFORMANCE OF SMALL GRAIN VARIETIES IN NORTH CAROLINA INTRODUCTION Across the state of North Carolina during the fall of 2000, growers planted 28, 000 acres of barley, 50, 000 acres of oats, and 680, 000 acres of wheat. With the large number of commercially available and prospective varieties of barley, oats, and wheat, it becomes difficult for growers to select a superior variety suited for their particular area of the state. To make this decision, the grower needs up-to-date, unbiased, reliable information. The Official Variey Testing Program, through this report, seeks to provide that type of information. Information on varietal performance is presented from four test locations in the state. 1 Also included are multiple-year performance data on a selected number of varieties. 1Research technicians, Ken Barnes, Johnny Denton, Phil Johnson and Dwight Parrish assisted in conducting these tests. Jane Dove Long prepared the text and tables for this bulletin. John Crow prepared the cover. Statistical analyses were made in the Statistical laboratory by Mrs. Joy Smith.

6 2 COMPARING VARIETIES Performance of a variety cannot be determined with absolute precision. Even though the tests are conducted in a uniform manner, uncontrollable variability exists among experimental plots due to differences in soil, fertility, moisture, insects, diseases, and other sources of variation. Because this variability exists, statistics are used as a tool to determine differences among varieties. The size of difference among varieties which may have been due to chance variation is listed in each table as the B. L.S.D. (least significant difference). Those varieties which do not differ by more than the B. L. S.D. are not statistically different. The B. L. S. D. K-50 is equivalent to the Fisher's L.S.D. at the 10% level. The coefficient of variability (C.V.) is listed as a general indicator of population variability; it does not, however, always indicate level of precision. The coefficient of determination (R 2 ) is a better measure of the level of precision because it indicates the amount of variation accounted for in the trial. The higher the R 2 value the more precise the trial. Thus, relative precision among various trials can be compared. The standard error of the mean (s.e.) is also listed as a general indicator of precision since it reveals how well the true mear was estimated. The formula for the s.e. is the square root of tqe error variance divided by the square root of the number of replicates. The error degrees of freedom (Error d.f.) used to test varieties is listed along with the mean of the test.

7 3 Varietal performance may appear inconsistent among locations within an area or among years at a par-ttcul.ar- location, thus it is important for the reader to examine results from more than one location and more than one year to obtain a more accurate picture of relative varietal performance. An effort has been made to facilitate comparisons among varieties by only presenting multi-location and multi-year data where feasible. Because new varieties are being introduced each year and these varieties are potentially higher-yielding than the current varieties, growers should closely examine two-year means provided in this bulletin. Research has shown that two-year means across locations provide the best predictors of performance the following year while at the same time including some of the newer varieties. Enough year.to year variation in weather occurs to make single-year data less predictable than two-year data. The varieties which do not yield significantly less than the highest yielding variety are denoted by an asterisk (*) next to their yields. Other agronomic characteristics may be as equally important as yield. All available data regarding pathologic and agronomic characteristics of the varieties are found in Tables 1, 2, and 3 for barley, oats, and wheat, respectively. It is suggested that the grower plant a small number of acres in a new variety when first determining if it is adapted to his farm. Research conducted at North Carolina State University and several other universities has consistently shown a significant yield advantage where professionally grown/certified seed is used rather than "farmer saved II or II brown bagged II seed. These tests were planted with professionally grown/certified seed provided by the sponsoring agencies. Farmers who use inferior seed sources can expect accompanying decreases in performances.

8 Table 1. Characteristics of barley varieties.* Brand Variety Mildew Rust Lodging Winter Test Awns or Variety Resistance Resistance Resistance hardiness Maturity Wt. lb/bu Present Boone Poor Poor Fair Good Medium Good Yes Table 2. Chacteristics of oat varieties.* Brand Variety Crown Powdery Septoria Test or Variety Rust Mildew Leaf Blotch Mosaic Winter Looging Weight resistance resistance resistance resistance Maturity hardiness resistance lb/bu Fair Fair Coker 716 Poor Good Good Medium Good Fair Good Horizon 314 Good Medium Good Rodgers Good Good Med-Early Good Good Poor Fair Fair Excellent Early Excellent Fair Good *These characteristics based upon all available observations.

9 Table 3. Characteristics of wheat varieties.* Soft Wheat Brand Variety Leaf rust Mildew Mosaic Winter Lodging Test Wt Milling or Variety resistance resistance resistance Maturity Hardiness resistance lb/bu Quality AGS 2000 Good Early-Med Good Good AgriPro Patton Good Good Good Med-Late Good Good Fair AgriPro Shelby Fair Poor Fair Medium Good Good Good Featherstone 520 Poor Good Medium Good Good Jackson Poor Fair Medium Good Good Fair NK Coker 9543 Good Fair Good Medium Good Good Good Good NK Coker 9663 Good Fair Early-Med Good Good Fair Good NK Coker 9704 Fair Good Medium Good Good NK Coker 9835 Fair Fair Good Early-Med Good Good Good Good 2580 Poor Good Good Medium "Good Good Fair Good 2643 Fair Good Good Medium Good Good Fair Good 2684 Good Good Good Early Fair Good Good Fair 2691 Good Good Good Early Good Good Good Good 26R24 Good Good Good Medium Good Fair Fair Fair 26R38 Good Early-Med Good Good Good 26R61 Good Good Good Early-Med Good Good Fair Fair Roane Good Good Late Good Good Good Sisson Good Medium Fair Good Good Southern States SS 518 Good Med-Early Fair Good Southern States SS 520 Good Early Southern States SS 522 Fair Medium Good Good Good Southern States SS 535 Good Medium Fair Fair Good Southern States SS 550 Good Medium Southern States SS 555 Poor Poor Med-Late Good Good Fair Good Southern States SS 566 Good Good Medium Good Good Good Terral LA 422 Fair Medium Good Good USG 3209 Good Medium Fair Fair *These characteristics based upon all available observations. 01

10 6 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The tests were located in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain on research stations (Figure 1). Entries: Commercial varietie and experimental lines developed by public and private agencies.are included in these tests. Any individual or firm may make application for having entries included by writing the Official Variety Testing Program, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C A fee is charged on an entry basis for all private entries. A total of 10, 12, and 48 commercial varieties and experimental lines of barley, oats, and wheat, respectively, were evaluated in the season. Field Plot Design: A randomized, complete block design with five or six replicates was used at each location. Each plot consisted of eight rows, 7.5 inches apart, 19 feet long with 2.5 feet between each plot. Crop Management:. Cultural practices, such as seed bed preparation, date of planting, fertilization and topdressing were in accord with good farming practices and were uniform for all entries at a given location (Table 4); only the Rowan location is shown in the table because all other tests were lost due to freeze damage. Prior to planting each test, soil samples were obtained from the test field and fertilizer and lime app.li.cati.ons were made accordingly (Table 5). Seeding rate was 25 seed per foot.

11 LOCATION OF OFFICIAL VARIETY TESTS ST()((s 'JI)(](JtQWI +Signifies Small Grain Test Sites

12 Table 4. Cultural practices for small grain tests, County Fertilizer lbs/a and Grade Topdress* lbs/a 34% N Soil Type Planting Date Harvest Date Piedmont Area Rowan 375 Ibs 10/20/ Davidson clay loam 26-0ct 4-Jun (Barley) 12-Jun (Wheat) *Topdressing applied in split application. CD

13 Table 5. Soil test results from test sites, HM 8-S-- Ca Mg Mn- Zn- Cu- County % w-v CEC % Ac ph P-I K- I % % I I I Piedmont Area Rowan (0

14 10 Contact Person and Agencies Sponsoring Entries AgriPro Seeds, Inc. Barton Fogleman Box 2365 Jonesboro, AR ) AG South Genetics Daryl Grabow PO Box Dunwoody, GA ) Clemson University Doyce Graham 277 P & AS, Box Clemson, SC ) Featherstone Farm Seed Juan W. Whittington Genito Road Amelia, VA ) Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Dr. Ron Barnett Route 3, Box 4370 auincy, FL ) North Carolina Agric. Experiment Station Dr. Paul Murphy Crop Science Department Box 7629 Raleigh, NC ) Entries AgriPro Patton AgriPro Shelby AGS 2000 South Carolina Experimentals Featherstone 520 Florida Experimentals Arcia Boone Brooks Rodgers N.C. experimentals

15 11 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. Dennis McCoy 435 E. Smith Ave. Winterville, NC (919) Plantation Seeds, Inc. Rt 1, Box 695 Newton, GA Resource Seeds, Inc. William Smith 2355 Rice Pike Union, KY ) Southern States Coop. Howard Tabor P. O. Box Richmond VA ) Syngenta Seeds, Inc Carroll Oakes Box 1240 Winterville, NC ) Terral Seed, Inc. Larry Mullen PO Box 826 Lake Providence, LA ) Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station Tori Randall Maloney Agronomy Department, VPI PO Box 338 Warsaw, VA ) R24 26R38 26R61 XW586 XW692 Horizon 314 Trical 498 RSI 301 RSI 331 RSI 341 RSI 351 SS 518 SS 522 SS 535 SS 555 SS 566 SS NK Coker 9543 NK Coker 9663 NK Coker 9704 NK Coker 9835 NK BL NK BL Terral LA 422 Jackson Roane Sisson Virginia experimentals

16 12 UniSouth Genetics David McKinney 2649-C Nolensville Rd Nashville, TN ) University of Arkansas Dr. Robert Bacon 115 Plant Scienc Fayetteville, AR (501) University of Georgia Dr. Jerry Johnson Griffin, GA (770) White Hat Seed Farm, Inc. Burt Eure 102 White Hat Road Hertford, NC ) USG 3209 Arkansas experimentals Georgia Experimentals Coker 716 COOPERATORS Bertie County: J. S. Barnes, Superintendent, Peanut Belt Research Station, Lewiston, N.C. Lenoir County: Sandy Barnes, Superintendent, Lower Coastal Plain Tobacco Research Station, Kinston, N.C. Rowan County: Raymond Coltrain, Superintendent, Piedmont Research Station, Salisbury, N.C. Washington County: John Smith, Superintendent, Tidewater Research Station, Plymouth, N.C.

17 13 SEASONAL CONDITIONS The small grain growing season began with planting on time (Table 4). Some winterkill occurred in early January and small grains never tillered like normal. April and early May were characterized by below-average rainfall and a freeze on April 19 (see figures). Early-maturing varieties did not suffer from the freeze as much as the later-maturing varieties. The freeze was so severe that all coastal plain locations were discarded. Early June temperatures and rainfall (not shown in figures) allowed harvest on time. Powdery mildew, and leaf rust on wheat were evident although not to the extent that ratings could be taken. Cereal leaf beetle was evident although they did not reach threshold levels at all locations. Hession fly caused some damage to wheat at some locations.. DATA Yield is reported in bushels per acre by location and area. Test weight in pounds per Dushel was reported by region. Lodging was reported in percentage averaged across all locations within the state; the lodging data are for lodging prior to harvest. All plots were adjusted to 13% moisture. In calculating averages, equal weight was given to each lcation, therefore, two and three-year averages may not appear to equal the average between years when the number of locations varies from year to year.

18 ekly Weathrtie Co. Weekly Weather Data May 2001 October May I I o I - Max Temp...Min Temp D Rainfall V-\ 3 " A A I n V \ r v \1 I I \ II t.' II I,, I I 40 -I \ t-; ; II II! J. \...l 30 ' I I 20 I 10 I 1.5 II 1 I" "! cd II- II', I"! '"" 'II ' I II. III III II, II!,; I" Ii II '!Ii Ill " '" 0 ; II Jan Feb Mar Apr Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May =:r (D en '-"

19 ). Weekly We(()ir Co. Weekly Weather Data October May 200] Max Temp October May ,-, 2 - Max Temp... Min Temp DRainfal1 1.5 Id. -1,-..., (";) ::r (D o: '-" ' 1 1 I' 1" Dec 'I" Jan 'I' II. II, Feb, II II II Mar, '" 7 I', ", Oct Nov I, '." "I Dec I" I Jan '''''''''''''" Feb." Mar 1 1 I' I' 1', Apr,. I' I' I' May, 0 c:;;

20 ekly Weathwan Co. Weekly Weather Data May 2001 October May Min Temp DRainfall I -Max Temp "'-Min Temp DRainfall S 50,.,, (j (1) o: Jan Feb Mar Apr 5 o Oct 4 II Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May

21 =:0. Weekly Wtgton Co. Weekly Weather Data October May 2001 tober May 2001 r== :------==----: i 4.. Max Temp... Min Temp DRainfall.. Max Temp... Min Temp DRainfall ::s 2 ::s 0 1" Ii Ii II I Dec I Ii It="] Jan I Ii Ii Ii I I II II II II I Feb Mar I I Apr Oct I " " Nov I I " " " I Dec I " It="] Jan I " " " Feb I I " " " " Mar I,,, " Apr,, " '" May 0 =:r (t) en <;»

22 18 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION BARLEY Barley was only tested in the Piedmont. Averages are shown in Tables 6 and 7. Yields were below average for Harvest was on time thus no lodging was evident. Plant height data reveal a short crop as a result of the year. No three year data table is shown because only one entry was included in all three years. OATS Oats were only tested at Lenoir county. All plots were completely lodged and thus no yield data are available. WHEAT Averages are shown in Tables For 2001, data are only available from Rowan county since all coastal plain locations were discarded due to freeze damage. Yields were low for 2001 primarily from the lack of tillering and. the dry weather in April and early May (Table 10). No lodging was evident; again this is a result of harvesting on time and the short (in stature) crop (Table 10). Entries that were not treated with a systemic fungicide seed treatment are labeled in all tables. If the entry is not denoted then it was treated with a systemic fungicide seed treatment. Two-year and three-year data provide the best predictors of performance next year. Milling quality data are being made available on all wheat entries by Mid-State Milling. These data will be posted on the website as soon as they are received and in next year's research report. These information are aailable on the web at the following address:

23 19 TABLE 6. TWO-YEA AVERAGE PERFORMANCE OF BARLEY VARIETIES IN THE PIEDMONT - ROWAN COUNTY Brand\Variety or Variety +NC NC Boone Mean Plant Yield Test Wt. lodging Height Date 50% bu/a Ib/bu % Inches Headed 97** Apr 88* Apr 87* Apr 90 C.V. (%) 8.6 BlSD (K-50) 19 s.e. 2.2 Error d.f. 2 R 2 (%) 96 +Experimentals. **Highest yielder. *Not significantly different from highest yielder.oatwo locations.

24 20 TABLE 7. AVERAGE PERFORMANCE OF BARLEY VARIETIES IN THE PIEDMONT ROWAN COUNTY ' Plant Brand\Variety Yield Test Wt. lodging Height Date 50% or Variety bu/a Ib/bu % Inches Headed +VA 97B ** Apr +VA 97B ** Apr +NC * Apr +NC * Apr +VA 96B * Apr +VA * Apr +VA 97B * Apr +VA * Apr Boone 63* Apr +VA 97B Apr Mean 67 C.V. (%) 13.2 BlSD (K-50) 10 s.e. 3.6 Error d.f. 47 R 2 (%) 27 +Experimentals. **Highest yieder. highest yielder. Two locations. *Not significantly different from

25 21 TABLE 8. THREE-YEAR STATEWIDE"AVERAGE PERFORMANCE OF WHEAT VARIETIES Plant 1000 Brand\Variety Yield Test Wt Lodging Height Kernel Date 50% or Variety buta lb/bu % Inches Wt./gram Headed USG ** Apr AGS * Apr Arcia ++ 69* apr 26R24 68* Apr * Apr Southern States SS522 66* Apr Southern States SS * Apr Roane ++ 64* apr 26R61 64* Apr NK Coker * Apr Trical * Apr NK Coker * Apr NK Coker * Apr Southern States SS * Apr * Apr NK Coker * Apr Featherstone * Apr Agripro Shelby 61* Apr Southern States SS Apr Agripro Patton Apr Apr Apr -Jackscn Apr \Southern States SS S Apr mean 63 C.V. (%) 12.5 BlSD (K-SO) 10 s.e. 1.4 rror d.f (%) 58 *Highest yielder. *Not significantly different from highest yielder. +Not treated with systemic fungicide seed treatment. Arcia and rrical 498 are triticales. Eigt locations.

26 22 TABLE 9. TWO-YEAR STATEWIDE AVERAGE PERFORMANCE OF WHEAT VARIETIES Plant 1000 Brand\Variety Yield Test Wt. Lodging Height Kernel Date 50% or Variety bu/a Ib/bu % Inches Wt./gram Headed Trical ** Mar AGS * Apr Arcia Apr 26R Apr Terral LA Apr USG Apr Southern States SS Apr NK Coker Apr 26R Apr +GA E Apr Southern States SS Apr Roane apr NK Coker Apr Apr +NC Apr +NC Apr +NC Apr 26R Apr Southern States SS Apr Agripro Shelby Apr Sisson Apr Southern States SS Apr NK Coker Apr Southern States S Apr Apr Agripro Patton Apr Southern States S Apr NK Coker Apr +NC Apr Featherstone Apr Southern States SS555 5a Apr Apr

27 23 TABLE 9. (CONTINUED) TWO-YEAR STATEWIDE AVERAGE PERFORMANCE OF WHEAT VARIETIES VA 96W Jackson ++ Mean Apr 11 Apr 16 Apr c.v. (%) 10.4 BlSO (K-50) 8 s,e Error d.f. 102 R 2 (%) Experimentals. **Highest yielder. *Not significantly different from highest yielder. '++Not treated with systemic fungicide seed treatment. ""Four locations.

28 24 TABLE 10. AVERAGE PERFORMANCE OF WHEAT VARIETIES IN THE PIEDMONT - ROWAN COUNTY : Plant 1000 Brand\Variety Yield Test Wt. Lodging Height Kernel Date 50% or Variety bula lblbu % Inches Wt./gram Headed NK Coker ** Apr +GA E * Apr +RSI * Apr AGS Apr +RSI Apr NK Coker Apr +RSI Apr Southern States SS555 (Gaucho) Apr +VA 98W Apr Trical Apr +RSI Apr +NC Apr Southern States SS Apr Southern States SS Apr Southern States S Apr +GA 91426E Apr Agripro Patton Apr Terral LA Apr +XW Apr Arcia Apr 26R Apr Roane Apr 26R Apr Agripro Shelby Apr Southern States SS Apr USG Apr Sisson Apr +VA 96W Apr +VA 97W Apr Southern States SS Apr Southern States SS535 (Gaucho) Apr Apr Apr Featherstone Apr +XW Apr

29 25 TABLE 10. (CONTINUED) AVERAGE PERFORMANCE OF WHEAT VARIETIES IN THE PIEDMONT - ROWAN COUNTY ' Southern States SS Apr Southern States SS Apr Jackson Apr Apr +NK Bl Apr NK Coker Apr 26R Apr NK Coker Apr +NK Bl Apr +NC Apr Apr +NC Apr +NC Apr Mean 55 C.V. (%) BlSO (K-50) s.e. Error d.f R 2 (%) 71 +Experimentals. **Highest yielder. *Not significantly different from highest yielder. ++Not treated with systemic fungicide seed treatment Arcia, Trical 498, RSI 301, 331, 341 and 351 are triticales. AOne location.