ISOTOPIC AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF COASTAL AND SUBMARINE KARSTIC GROUNDWATER DISCHARGES IN SOUTHERN TURKEY (12570/R0)
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1 ISOTOPIC AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF COASTAL AND SUBMARINE KARSTIC GROUNDWATER DISCHARGES IN SOUTHERN TURKEY (1257/R) N. Nur OZYURT C. Serdar BAYARI Hacettepe University Dept. Of Geological Engineering Hydrogeological Engineering Section & International Research & Application Center for Karst Water Resources December 25
2 Study Area Study Area: Located in SW Turkey, Comprises of ca. 1 km long coast line, Intense year round population fluctuation, Limited fresh water supply, Monk Seal and Sea Turtle breeding site, Abound with historical sites.
3 Morphology & Geology No coastal plain. Steep mountain flank. Elevations up to 3 m. Mesozoic (green), Eocene (pink) and Miocene (yellow) karstic carbonates. Seismically active, faults (parallel/perpendicular to coast) serve as conduits.
4 Satellite based fresh water discharge spots
5 Data logger sites LINEAMENTS & PROVEN SGD LOCATIONS
6 Search Dives Search zones: a) /-1 m, b) -1/-2 m, c) -2/-3 m
7 Fresh water spots proven by search dives
8 Examples of SGDs studied Epikarstic caves Bathy-phreatic caves Fresh water / sea water interface caves Water table caves
9 Mivini Cave Dissolution at freshwatersaltwater interface 6 Depth from Surface (m) /3 Specific Electrical Conductivity (micros/cm) 6 Depth from Surface (m) / Specific Electrical Conductivity (micros/cm) Entrance : -3.5 m Penetrated depth : -53 m
10 Altuğ Cave Dissolution at epikarst & water table (sea level change & tectonic uplift) 6 Depth from Surface (m) /3 Specific Electrical Conductivity (micros/cm) 6 Depth from Surface (m) /3 Specific Electrical Conductivity (micros/cm) Entrance : -12 m Penetrated depth : -63 m
11 Stable isotopic composition of end-members & SGDs Conservative fresh water sea water mixing 2 1 del 2H (V-SMOW) Karstic stream water Sea water del 18O (V-SMOW) -8 August-September 23 Local Meteoric Water Line November 23
12 Temporal variation of fresh water contribution rate at individual SGDs FW contribution rate varies upto 3% between August & November EC micros/cm % Freshwater Patara-Kalkan iskele Patara yanı kovuk Kalkan-liman giriş (ağız) Kovuk 2 Gemibatan Bucak denizi girişi Çakıl Mağarası batısındaki Çakıl Mağarası yüzey Likya Batığı Mağarası - Liman ağzı 1 Liman ağzı 2 Altuğ Mağarası ( m.) Fakdere Restoran kaynak Restoran önü (denize Dere kaynak Çamlıca Mağarası Camlık koyu içi Camlık koyu içi EC_August EC_November % Freshwater (August) % Freshwater (November)
13 Oxygen-18 as indicator of GW recharge season/altitude & Mixing ratio Recharge altitude of GW end-member varies. 4 % Seawater contribution rate 1% Oxygen-18 (%o V-SMOW) Decreasing recharge altitude and/or warmer recharge Sea water Conservative mixing lines -1 Fresh water EC (micros/cm)
14 Tritium as indicator of GW residence time & Mixing ratio Residence time of GW end-member varies. Sea water 1% 6 Mixing with old groundwater Mixing with young groundwater % Seawater contribution rate EC (micros/cm) older Tritium (TU) ground water Fresh water younger
15 Spatio-temporal variation of seawater contribution 4cm Sites investigated: Altuğ submarine cave Mivini submarine cave ddwyodi Data Loggers (EC, temp)
16 Spatio-temporal variations of seawater contribution Observation period: November 24 August 25 Observed parameters: Electrical conductivity, every 15 minutes Water temperature, every 15 minutes Air pressure, every hour Relative sea level, every hour Rainfall, daily Moon tide,
17 Altuğ submarine cave Mivini submarine cave Tem perature (oc) EC (milis/cm) Temperature (oc) E C (m ilis /cm ) EC Temperature EC Temperature EC (milis/cm) EC (milis/cm) Temperature (oc) Temperature (oc) EC and temperature is a marker of sea water contribution to SGD. EC & temperature are linearly related. Degree of linearity varies among SGDs. Longterm EC response (sea water contribution ) varies depending on; i) air pressure/sea level, ii) moon tide/sea level and, iii) rainfall recharge
18 Air Pressure (mili bar) Relative Sea Level (mm) Air Pressure_Antalya Sea level Sea Level = x Air Pressure R 2 = Air Pressure (mili bar) Relative Sea Level (mm) Sea level and air pressure are related... 67% of sea level variation can be explained by air pressure variations... Rest of the sea level variation seems related to moon tide
19 Altuğ submarine cave Mivini submarine cave E C (m ilis /cm ) Air P ressure (m ili bar) EC (milis/cm) EC Air Pressure EC (milis/cm) Relative Sea Level (mm) EC (milis/cm) 17 EC Sea Level Air Pressure (mili bar) EC Air Pressure Relative Sea Level (mm) Effect of air pressure & sea level on EC variation EC not affected EC affected EC Sea level
20 Effect of rainfall recharge & moon tide on EC variation Altuğ submarine cave Mivini submarine cave EC affected EC affected? E C (m ilis /c m ) R a in fa ll (m m /m 2 ) Rainfall EC E C (m ilis /c m ) M o o n C y c le EC (milis/cm) EC (milis/cm) Moon Cycle EC Rainfall (mm/m2) Rainfall EC Moon Cycle Diffuse recharge dominated? Conduit recharge dominated? EC not affected EC affected 1: New moon 2: Full moon Moon Cycle EC
21 Results Majority of karstic SGDs is controlled by former conduit systems. Satellite and lineament data are helpful but not sufficient alone to pinpoint the discharge locations. Both EC and O-18 / H-3 can be used to measure sea water contribution rate. However, O-18 is also helpful in determining the reacharge altitude/season of GW endmember. H-3 helps to determine residence time of GW end-member. Sea water contribution rate to individual karstic SGDs is spatiotemporally variable. Conduit recharge dominated karstic SGDs are more prone to moon tide & air pressure changes. Precise determination of hydrodynamics of mixing requires long term, event-triggered sampling.
22 Future research perspectives Measuring discharge rates Developing submarine autosampler with eventtrigger capability Developing numerical GW outflow models
23 Thank you for your attention...
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