CARBONATE DEPOSITIONAL Environments TIDAL FLATS. Major Components Controls over Formation Diagnostic Sedimentary Features
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1 CARBONATE DEPOSITIONAL Environments TIDAL FLATS Major Components Controls over Formation Diagnostic Sedimentary Features
2 Controls over Formation Q: What are hydrodynamic and bathymetric parameters that lead to tidal flat formation? A: Antecedent topography, wave energy, accumulation mode, tidal range, climate Tidal range determines basic physiography of tidal flats.
3 supratidal Mean high water Mean low water intertidal subtidal
4 Controls over Formation Q: What are hydrodynamic and bathymetric parameters that lead to tidal flat formation? A: Antecedent topography, wave energy, accumulation mode, tidal range, climate Antecedent Topography Tidal Flats are extremely low-relief shorelines: (i) deposited on low-relief surfaces, seaward of large landmasses, OR (ii) deposited as accretionary wedges in the protected shadow (leeward barrier) of pre-existing paleotopographic barriers, (older islands), or behind coeval topographic barriers (shoals/reefs). Areal extent varies from locally restricted areas (<<100 km sq) to regional features (>500 km sq).
5 Controls over Formation Q: What are hydrodynamic and bathymetric parameters that lead to tidal flat formation? A: Antecedent topography, wave energy, accumulation mode, tidal range, climate Wave energy Tidal flats are protected from open ocean waves, and thus occur in settings: (i) separated from the open ocean by a wide shelf which dampens wave energy; (ii) behind barrier islands which impede open ocean wave energy; (iii) in restricted embayments. Low wave energy allows accumulation of mud-rich sediment.
6 Controls over Formation Q: What are hydrodynamic and bathymetric parameters that lead to tidal flat formation? A: Antecedent topography, wave energy, accumulation mode, tidal range, climate Mode of accumulation Abnormal high tides and storms transport muddy sediment from the offshore subtidal factory ONSHORE onto tidal flats. Tidal flats can be viewed as a delta system turned wrong-side out, with the sea as the river supplying sediment to the channelized flats
7 Controls over Formation Q: What are hydrodynamic and bathymetric parameters that lead to tidal flat formation? A: Antecedent topography, wave energy, accumulation mode, tidal range, climate Climate Arid tidal flats have evaporites associated with the upper intertidal to supratidal zones (displacive intra-sediment growth of gypsum/anhydrite); Humid tidal flats lack evaporites and have a greater density of tidal channels
8 Common Sedimentary Features of Carbonate Tidal Flats 1. Algal laminites and stromatolites 2. Mechanically derived stratification 3. Fenestrae (Primary Porosity) 4. Dessication features 5. Intraclasts 6. Channels & fills
9 Algal Laminites & Stromatolites Environment of occurrence varies with conditions Humid environments: supratidal Arid environments: intertidal Morphology: controlled by frequency of storm deposition Algal boundstone
10 Stromatolites Recent, Australia Proterozoic, Canada Cambrian, Texas Permian, Texas
![[Ricci Lucchi,1995]](/docs-images/77/75389264/images/11-0.jpg "Mechanical")
11 [Ricci Lucchi,1995] Mechanical stratification
12 Fenestrae Irregular Laminar Recent, Florida Circular Mississippian, Texas
13 Dessication Polygons & Mud cracks
14 Mud cracks, algal mats Bahamas Mississippian, Texas Silurian, Quebec
15 Intraclasts Intraclasts and intra-clastic gravels During storms, thin layers on the tidal flat are eroded and re-deposited. Hardening and early lithification occurs in supratidal zone.
16 Tidal Channels & Ponds Tidal Channels Tidal channels/creeks are more common with humid climate tidal flats. High velocity tidal currents flow thru channels; channels have levees; channels rarely identified in carbonate rocks. Tidal Ponds slight depressions between creeks are occupied by tidal ponds which fill and partially empty during each tidal cycle. Pond sediments consist of unlayered, un-mud-cracked mudstone-wackestone with a restricted fauna (small gastros)
17
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