1rII~TORY CJF. LO~ rhdee~ Jl~raT1L,e~1Mi8iL

Transcription

1 1II~TORY CJF LO~ HDEE~ Jl~aT1L,e~1Mi8iL

2 Febuay 1972 NOTE TO READER This "editionl1 of the Histoy of the Los Pades has been copied fom the oiginal 1945 manuscipt,. with cove design and new assembly by Eleano Childe s assisted by ey Stephens, employees of t he Los Pades. This copy may contain some typogaphical o stat ~~tical e.os which appeaed in the oiginal.,fuen these ae detected by futue detailed inspection, an eata notice will be sent to all holdes of t he Hi stoy. We ae confident, howeve, that Billy Bmm I s wok is accuate and e~le, and we hope you will find i t both inteesting WIA~ ROBERT G. LANCASTER Foest Supeviso

3 HISTORY OF RCA u- - G'~~ - POCKET IN BACK ~ ~lllllli~mi~I~liilllll~ i ~ " [ T - l J- I LOS P.!DRES NATIONAL FOREST s. B. SHOlf, REGIONAL FORESTER CO}LPIIED BY Tll4. s. BROWN~ SEUIOR Il\lFORl1lATI01~ SPECIALIST SAt'\{ FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA JUNE REFERENCE DO NOT TAKE FROM. LIBRARY

4 . ABOUT THE AUTHOR William S. (Billy) Bown stated his Foest Sevice caee in 1911 as a Foest Clek fo the Modoc National Foest. He etied fom the Foest Sevice in 1945 afte 35 yeas of distinguished sevice, duing which he held the vaious positions of Deputy Foest Supeviso, Foest Supeviso ( on the Modoc National Foest in nothen Califonia), Senio Clek, Pincipal Clek, Executive Assistant, and Senio Administative Assistant. In addition to the ~Iodoc, he was assigned to the San Benadino National Foest, the Los Pades, and the Regional headquates in San Fancisco. At the time of his etiement he was living in Santa Babaa, although assigned to the Regional Office as a Senio Administative Specialist in the Division of Infomation and Education, and had just finished witing this Histoy of the Los Pades. Histoy and witing wee his special inteests, and in a lette commemoating Billy's etiement Foest Sevice Chief Watts said, "Duing many yeas on the Modoc National Foest, in addition to you egula duties you wee able to seach out and ecod histoical facts that fom an impotant pat of Califonia's ealy-day histoy." Anothe lette ecods, "The many histoical spots in Califonia maked fo posteity, mainly though you effots, ae monuments to you enthusiasm and fa sighted planning." Bon in England and educated in Canada, with one yea of a commecial couse at Indiana Univesity, Billy Bown eceived little fomal education in,,,iting but leaned whee and hov7 he could though some coespondence couses and many published a.ticles on consevation. He was edito of the leading Modoc County newspape fo a yea when he was out of the Foest Sevice; and he was always vey active in community oganizations. He lived with his family in Santa Babaa fom 1939 until his death in Febuay 1, 1972

5 OREST SERVICE SMI'A BA.lIDARA t CALIF0R11IA REGIO~lAL FORESTER OCTOBER WIl. S. BROWN, s. Infomation Speoialist I - INFORMATION, tos Pades Histoy Thee is being fowaded by egisteed mail unde sepaate cove oiginal and fou cabons of the we Pades National Foest histoy. I have left the fist cabon with Supeviso Us sh- Boulden fo eview with the suggestion that he make anj c1ticiams o suggestions befoe sending it on to you. 'The fine job ot typing O!l. this manuscipt was done by Ms. Haiet Sweangin of the Los Pades at odd mooents du1ng the past seveal weeks. cc with mas. :1 '.1A. S. BROV.'N S. Infomation Specialist

6 T CONTENTS CHAPTER I CHAPTER II GENERAL DESCRIPTIOI'! Looa bion and Elevation Relation to Suounding Aeas Distinctive Featues Place names EARLY HISTORY Indian Use Spanish Exploation and Conquest - ~ission Days The IfTexic~ Regime A~eican Pionee Days Page No CH.U>TER III CREATIO~ Al ID PURPOSE Reasons fo Ceation of the Foest - Foest Sevice Vithd~7als Consolidation CHAPTER IV TOPOGRAPHY Ja~m FIDRA [ CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI C lla.pter VII Divesified Teain- - Chapaal Slopes Tee, Shub and Plant Gov~h - RESOURCES V'I ate Timbe- Range Receation Vfild Life - Oil and Othe 11ineals ADi.J:NISTR.AT IOn JU,ID PERSOlfllEL Land Offioe Ad~inistation Supevisos in Chage and Tems of Sevice Old Time Ra~~es- Range Disticts ~ ~ 40 Hony-hu1ded Ranges and Sue-ooted Mules Roads and Tails Communioation Systems Stuctual Iwpovemonts Land Uses and J,i'oos t Homeste~ds-... Refoestation - - Coopention

7 CHAPT&~ VII PROGRESS IN MA1~AGE.EnT (CONT ID) Page No CCC, ViP A (ERA) nnd NmA Peiod... Watime Aotivities " ca~ter VIII FIRE PROTECTION c CHAPTER L,,{ APPENUU Degee and Types of Fie Hazad Ealy-D~y Fies Fies Though Yeas of Administation- - The Fal!loUS l.:atilija Fie - - Fie Pevention Closues and Restiotions- The Gibalta Closed Aea- - Development of ~'ie-fighting Tecb..Tliques 8; Equipnent Fie Statistics POST.. "[fa'r PLl'..NS Heliooptes and cjeeps Planned Post~~a Development Tables: A. Re lated and Dependent Lands- - B. Glossay of Names and Wods- - C. Poo 1 un at ion Recod- D. G9,z :i.n ; Use E. Range Disticts - F. Impovements G. S1"ooial L(-'.nd Uses-.. - H. Fie Statistics J BIBLIOGRA?IIY'

8 [i - CHAPTER I. G~'l':"ER.AL DESCRIPTION Location and Elevation Emba.cing some of' the most ug~ed county in the entie westen 1. [ [ [i [i L! United States, Los Pados Uational Foest extends along the Pacific Coast fom the city of Ventua on the south to Monteey Bay on the noth, and touches the Pacific Ocean on the west and extends as fa east at one point as the foothills of the sollthen San Joaquin Valley. Thee ae two distinct sections, the Monteey Division On the noth, lying entiely within L:onteey County and the main section, o Southen Division, located pincipally in Ventua, Santa Babaa and San luis Obispo Counties, with elatively small adjoining aeas in Ken and Los Angeles Counties. Moe tesely put, the looation of Los Pades National Foest is that national foest unit lying along the Pacific Ocean in the south cental section of Califonia. In the!1ain Division, the IDs Pades Foest includes the San Rafael mountain ange extendin~ nothwest and southeast fom the S~n Luis Obispo County line though Santa Babaa County, swinging to the east to mege into the Tehachapi.ountains, and a boken continuation of the San Gabiel Range. The highe st peaks within this di vision ae San Hafael l:.t., 6,581 feet, Staw-bey Peak, feet. and Big Pine 1Ft., 6,828 feet. The Siee.. I!'ade Range oughly paallels the Sen Rafae1s, its seated peaks in the easten potion ising still hi~he. Reyes Peak he.s an elevation of' 7,088 feet, Fazie Mt., 8,026 feet, and Mt. Pino s ises to feet, the hif;hest point in Los Pades National

9 2. Foest. Stangely enough, pehaps, fo a mountain aea oonspiouously fi u l: [i Q oadless, the summits of Dig Pine Mt., Fazie Mt., and Mt. Pinos ae all accessible by auto duing the mid-sum.e months. Along the sea ooast in Santa Babaa County fo some 60 miles extend the Santa Ynez }fountains, eaohing thei highe st point in Santa Ynez Peak, the summit of whioh is 4,292 feet. The Santa luoia Range oontinues in a nothwestely diection thou~h San Luis Obispo County, with gentle elevations, IIi l:ountain, 3,180 feet, being the highest point. A hodge-pod~e o boken seated idges and peaks out into the main mountain an~es at all an,les in this division of Los Pades, some of the moe distinot being the Topa Topa Range in the exteme south, the Big Pine l!ountain id~e in the cente and the Siea. Made Range paalleling the San Ra.fael Range. One of' the ealiest Foest Sevioe topogaphes, in an endeavo to oonvey a witten desciption of' this mountain county, said: "The elief' of' the Reseve (Los Pades National Foest) is vey high, ugp;ed and peoipitous, and the study ot suoh a boken sufaoe, even with the aid of a oontou map, will not be easy fo the laymen. 1t The Monteey Division of Los Pades National Foest inoludes one distinot mountain anfj3, a nothen extension of the Santa Luoia L!ountains, commonly temed the Coast Range. This aea of moe than aces is still moe ugged than that of the main division~ the mountain slopes ising shee fom the ooean. Lillian Bos Ross, in the peface "to he book "The stange" indioates too ugged natue of this aea,vhen she sayss "The Santa wcia j"'7ountains" hash and lovely, hold f'ast to thei anoient loneliness by a shee dop of five thousand

10 [ D ~ 3. feet to a shoeless sea whee any piece of flat land big as a blanket has a name to itself.lt In this division, Cone Peak, some fou miles fom the ooean's edge, is 5,180 feet high. Andeson }ytt. and 1.~able Peak, still close to the ocky shoeline of the Paoifio, ise to heights of 4,043 feet ~nd 3,966 feet, espectively. The west, o ooean side, of this aea is out up into almost innumeable oanyons, often mee naow gashes in the ug,ed ganite slopes. The topogaphy of the east side of the ange is somewhat gentle, the highe elevations easmg down into densely-coveed chapaal hills and the floo of Salinas Valley. Relation to Suounding Aeas The existence o majo tavel outes moe o less indioates the intensity of use of any land aea. The inteio egions of Los Pades National Foest ae fo the most pat oadless and tavesable by only hosebac k o foot tave 1. Howeve, u. s. Highway 99, Cal 1 0 nia 's main noth and sou th higbnay atey cuts though its exteme easten edge aooss the Tehachapi Range ove Tejon Pass, and because of its fome wind mg cuves is still. known as the "Gapevine". U. S. Highway 101, Califonia's seoond main longitudinal oad oute, paallels the national foest fom Salinas southwad, passing though it ove Cuesta gade in the San Luis Obispo County. Incidentally, the Gapevine and Cuesta ae ated as tvlo of the finest examples of mountain highway oonstuction in the wold. u. S. Highway I, extending along the sea. ooa.st fom San Fancisco Bay to a junction with Hi,hway 101 at San luis Obispo, is squeezed between the ugged hills of los Pades' }!:onteey division and the shoe

11 . ' t.~, c line, in places dopping almost to the level of the suf, in othes poised seveal hunded feet above the pounding waves. This oute is consideed one of the most scenic in the state. Seveal othe majo highways coss o paallel Los Pades Foest. u. s. Highway 126 fom Ventua to Castaic Junction, connecting 101 with 99, taveses the citus ochads of Santa Claa Ya11ey, just below the toweing Topa Topa Uountains. U. S. 399 tunne Is though o cosses 07e the same geneal mountain ange to povide a heavily used oute bet-neen Ventua and }.!aicope., ising in wide loops fom Katilija Canyon ove the cest of Pine l'.t. and dopping down though the ugged goges of the Sespe Rive to meet the flat lands of Cuya~ Valley. u. S. Highway 150 takes off fom Ventua, cosses Cuesta Pass, and winding alon~ the be.ck doos of Capenteia and Santa Babaa, extends thou gh the Santa YnezRange ove scenic Sen l~acos Pass to a junction with 101 at Buellton in the Santa Ynez Valley. Mino outes, but yet heavily taveled paved o oiled oads include Highway No. 166 chiseled though the mountains of cental Los Pades and connecting Santa lfaia Valley with the southen San Joaquin Valley, and Hi ;hway 178 which povides a oute fom San luis Obispo and SaJ.ta llagaita to the Elk Hills Oil Field. still futhe noth, but between the two divisions of Los Pades Foest, Highways 41 and 198 povide connecting links between the Salinas and San Joaquin Valleys. Two high standad oads, built in ecent yeas coopeat~vely by l:onteey County and the ~edeal govenment, coss the Monteey Division fom valley to coast, enteing and follo'v'ing; the canyons of.aoyo Seco and Nacimiento Rives, espectively. The latte oute, dopping fom the summit to the ocean shoe, vtinds fo mile's in toxtnous bends to

12 [ [,' 5. eaoh the ooean's edge. Los Pades Foest funishes the sole wate supply, not only fo the iigation of adjacent intensively-cultivated valley lands gowing a wide vaiety of cops, but fo a chain of populous uban centes as well. Few a~icultual aeas in the Yiest ae moe dependent on thei looal mountain watesheds. The Santa Claa Valley and Ojai Valley both lie just below the Topa Topa Ran~e and poduce heavy oops of oanges, lemons, walnuts, ~~d beans. The inoopoated uban oentes of this seotion, Fillmoe, Oxnad, Ojai, Santa Paula, and Ventua, had a oombined pe-wa population of 35,643. Capentaia and Goleta Valleys, lyin~ between the Santa Ynez Range and the Pacific Ocean in gn appoximate fifty-mile stip, ae the leading lemon poducing oentes of the nation. Walnuts, avooados and othe cops equiing a mild, equitable climate, ae poduoed abundantly, and some pats of the aea ae entiely fost-fee yea in and yea out. The leading oity, Santa Babaa, had a pe-wa population ot 35,000 and the oity limits actually extend ove into the national foest. Santa Ynez "lalley, with seveal small uban oentes, depends upon the Santa Ynez Rive fo its iigation wate. The neighboing Lompoc Valley, leadin6 vegetable and seed poduction oente of the United States and the wold, is dependent upon wate also fom the Santa Ynez and tibutay steams ising in the foested wateshed. The Santa }.~aia Rive, fed by the Cuyama and Sisquoo steams, foms the souce of wate fo the lage ve:etable poducing aeas of the Santa aia Valley, as does the oity of Santa l!e.ia, with a 10,000 peaoetime population.

13 6. [ until quite eoently devoted almost axe lusi vely to li vastock poduotion but nov; also!'.n impotant vegetable poducin$ cento, is bodeod by the wnte-eonseving bush slopes fo i\is entie length. l:uch of the valley land in San Luis Obispo County snug$les up a~a.inst the -adjacent chapaal slopes and the oity of' San Luis Obispo itself is a scant fou miles fom the bounday o los Pades Foest. The fetile aea along the sea coast in the same county is wateed by oteams flowing fom the neaby ohapaal-coveod hills. The Salinas Rive has its souce in cental Sa.n Luis Obispo County, f'loyting noth pa.st the city of Paso Robles nnd snalle eighboing t01l!ls on into } ~onteey County. It e:~tends the entie length of tha.t county lvith steums fom neaby Los Pades foested hills flo'ving into it fom the west. The Salinas Rive, a lage ste~ as Califonia ives bo, is the oento..l featuo of Sa.lina.s Valley. This valley is o~~ of the mogt fetile aeas of lage size in Califonia and is k~o~~ 100al1y as ttthe ltation's Sa.lnd Bow1tt. Although divesified agicultunl e.otivitias ae caied on in tw.s ve.lley a.."l.d in ams theeof extending The big inteio Cuyama Valley~ [-- G - into the hills of the national foost, the J!'I..ain cops ee lettuoe, suga beets and beans. The oity of' Sali.as, poulation 12,000, is the ma.in business oente of Salil1..B.s Valley. Kifl ; City and Soledad ae ":>oth lage inoopoated towns. S.'.alle ube.n centes ae scatteed 'lp...d dovtn the valley I s len~th. The histoic city of l!onteey # e.nd the aesthetic oentes of Can~el and Pacii'ic Gove ~ ell lle just noth of Los Pades }\Tationo.l Foe:'lt \Ihich 1.s nsed extensively by thei popule.tions fo eceation puposes. Besidos scoes of 3~~lle vbul centes anbin~ in individua.l population fom 100 to 1,,000, thee a.e seventeen incopoa.ted towns

14 .~ f and cities loc~.ted close ly adjacent to the boundaies of Los Pades :.atiollal Foest, with an ag:;esste 1940 popule.. tion of 128,903 people. Duing the days of ~'[old ~'[a II this population has bocc.'i.e geatly swollen since in addition to Wa plants of vaious kinds, many lage Amy and Navy posts have been established all along the coastal aea fom lionteey to Ventua. Distinctive Featues (See Appendix A.) Los Pades National Foest has a total aea of 2,016,088 aces, 239,026 aces of whic hae pi vs.te ly owned, the :'a.la.nce beine; Govenment land. In point of aea it is the lagest national foest in the Sta.te of Califonia and the tenth lagest of the 160 national foest units of the entie United States. Ocean. It is the only national foest with a sea, fontage on the Pac if'ic At Salmon Ceek, Limeldln Ceek and Pfeiffe Beach in the Monteey Division the national foest extends ight down to the wate's edge, and at the last named point thee is a wide stetch of public beach unique even fo the athe bizae Monteey Coast. Hee, "lild, white-capped waves pou though ached ocks and ca.ves in giant olles. Hee too, the coast dee of the mountains oan be seen dispoting thew~elves Los Pades!'~ational on the suf-hadened beach sand. Foest end its adjacent aea is a. stenge mixtue of aesttetic values and pactical use; of the atmosphee of the old Spanish and l::exican ancheo days and moden livestock aotivities; of ulta-moden highways and beath-takin~beakneck tails; of wild hinte land a.eas and sane of the most highly cultivated lands in the wold; of eillionaies' oastles and hill-billys' cabins; of a juxtaposition of vast expanse of ocean and tmveing peaks. Lookouts

15 - T. ~ ~ L 9. in thei. glass-ibbed houses scanning the hills fo the telltale smoke of foest fies, looking eastwad t~tad snow-capped peaks, fom the seawad side can also look out ove the boad Paoifio fom six of the foest's nain lookout ste.tions. Even the nomenclatue of the egion is diffeent fom that encounteed on the aveage nationa.l foest, Spanish tems pedominat ing. In some aeas the national foest boundaies wee laid out on acute angles athe than by oadmal oompass diections to oonfom to the old established boundeies of old Spanish and l!.exic an anohos suoh as San Kiguelito, El Pojo, Las li.ilpitas, Coal de Piedo, Calos de Jonata and Lomas de Puificacion. Suoh names as Los Buos, Naoimiento and San Antonio, applied to topogaphio featues ot the egion, ae quite easy to ponounce, but the casual visito is apt to stumble ove San Capofoo Ceek, Refugio Pass, San Emigdio, ljojoqui Falls, o Teouya. Ridge. As much as possible though the yeas, local administatos have tied to etain the old names and the Spanish-l!exican atmosphee they epesent. Pla.ce Names As i~ most mount ai. egions of Califonia thee is oonsideable histoic inteest attached to place names on Los Pades Foest, tinged as they ae with Spanish, Indian, and pionee Ameican colo. The definition o deivation of sone few of them may add inteest to this histoy. Pieda Blanoa is simply Yihite Rock; seveal places in the egion bea this appopiate name. P:iSO Robles means Pass of the Oaks. Came lite fias with Vizcaino's exploat ion expe dition thou ght the

16 9. suounding oounty looked like Ca.nnel in Palestine 8lld imposed tbt t name on the bay and adjoining shoe lands. Oso Canyon o Canada de Los ~ Osos in the San Luis Obispo seotion means the Canyon, o Valley, of the Beas. Potola's paty fist gave it the name afte a fight with a giant gizzly in that vioinity. Manzana Ceek is Apple Ceek, afte an apple ochad on its banks, long sinoe dea.d and gone. Soledad was the Spanish tem designating a lonely plaoe. Sal Si Puedes, oonveted by faste-spelling Ameioans into Salsipuedes, in the Spanish tongue liteally means "Get out if you oan t1, and efes to a maze of ciss-oossed canyons o avines. Los Buos section of the onteey Division owes its name to the faot that sueooted buos wee the only feasible means of tanspotation when the Spaniads stated silve mining opeations thee. Topa was t~~ looal Indian name fo g~phe, and to emphasize the numbes of this buowing animal existing thee, the wod ws.s epeated to funish the appellation fo Topa Topa Mountain. Unole Sam Mounta.in on the 1.:onteey distiot has no national signif'icanoe but was na.led fo an old l:exioan pionee living neaby and beaing the nickname of' Unole Sam. Davy BOV'I.n, pionee of the Santa. Maia secti on, '\'las an adventue who seved unde Geneal Jacks on at the battle of New Oleans. and late ou~ht Indians all the vtay acoss the.ameioan oontinent. He became quite wealthy in Califomi8.~ died intestate. and had no living elatives. Sinoe his fotune went to enich the publio puse, it is quite fitting; that his favoite baok oounty haunt should bea the name of Davy BONn. Ceek. One of the hideouts of the famous Califonia exioen bandit of the 1850's, Joaquin }[uietta, was locd.ted in the cental sout~n.. section of Los Pades. A giant gapevine, eputedly planted by this oold-blooded mudee

17 [ ' [ (i 10. and obbe, whioh still flouishes, gives the name Gapevine to that seotiono When Potola's paty in 1769 found a ;oup of Ind ians engaged in oonstuoting a la.ge canoe in southen Sgnta Babaa County, it was quite logioal that Fathe Palou, Fanoisoen fia and histoian fo the paty, would name the existent Indian village Capenteia (oapente). The pesent day tovm and suounding valley still bea the name. Salinas, the Spanish tem fo saltmash, Wa.s quite appopiate ly applied to the valley in whioh a consideable aea of mashland existed, the name being extended to include the ive and pesent city. The ive itself was sometin1es called Saytayollo by the ealy Spanish-)!.exican settles 0 Hogs impoted by the Fancis can fias waxed fat on the plent iful acons of the uppe Santa l':aia Valley and multiplied apidly in a wild state. A neighboing mounta.in and othe topogaphic featues of that loce.lity oay the name Los Coohes (The Pigs). Nojoqui Falls is a espectable little Niagaa on a ceek in oental Santa Babaa County. legend has it that a young Indian bave honeymooning with his bide at this beautiful sylvan eteat was oaied ove the falls to his death. At least the Indian tem fo "honeymoon" has been applied to the watefall and ceek, although some authoities clam that the Vlod also meant Highthawk in the Indian tongue. Camuesa is undoubtedly a oouption of the Spanish wod Gumuza, liteally meaning Buckskin. The Indians wee wont to oamp nea the foot o the peak o that name and tan the hides o tl'e many dee ba~sed by them in that section. The wod Ojai, now designating a fetile valley and its leading town, meant Nest in the Indian venacula. 'I'he tem is qu1.te appopiate fo this landlocked valley. The town was oiginally named

18 11. Nodhoff, but the "hoff" "'{as somewhat epugnant to Ameican eas duing the days of WoldY';a No. I. tthuicane Deck tt, wods which stand out pominently on the map of Los Pades Foest, is also a vey appopiate nume fo the ough count,y to which it is applied, swept as it fequently is by gale-like stoms. Ve nt ana, Spanish fo windovl, is quite a natual name fo a peak in the Coast Range J s :ince viewed fom a distance one looks though a gap in the idge as thou~h a win:low. It was quite natual also that Tassajea (lleat Dying Pleoe) should be applied to the hot spings in the exteme noth end of the Foest, s inoe Indians gatheed thee fom time immemoial to oue jeky while at the same ti~e cuing thei bodily ills by bathmg in the wates of the spings. The spelling of the name has been changed to "Tassajaa U in eoent yeas. I Thee is a ohamin; legend oomected with the name Chuchupate, a seotion of the I,:t. Pinos aea. AooodLYl[; to the stoy J Chuchupate was a beautiful Indian maiden who ministeed to he tibe duing a winte of famine and illness. As a esult of he aduous labos she heself sickened and died. He inoonsolable people, weakened by stavation and disease, wee amazed one sunny sping moning to see the gound capeted with myiads of bight yellow flcwles. They believed them a eincanation of the spiit of thei beloved Chuchupate and gave the new plant the name whioh it still beas. The plant was cedited with almost magical ouative qualities and Was used late by the white settles fo medicinal puposes. The Indians also believed it to be a potent love cham. (See Appendix B.)

19 ~ Indian Use Fo many c~ntuies - CHAPTER II - EARLY HIS'I'ORY befoe the coming of the wbi te man a numeous Indi~ population lived. moved and had its being in and adjacent to Los Pades National Fo~st. On the easten ed~e of the Foest, tibes fom the ojave Deset gatheed the pinon nuts of Fazie l:lt. and lilt. Pinos as one of thei ohief atioles of diet. Along the ooasta1 aeas fish fom the alj~ost limitless supply of the Paoifio ' "ates fomed the chief potein item in the aboi~inal diet. while acons fom the oak 2;oves of the valleys and olling hills povided in t}l.e main the Indians I daily bead. Exca.vations by achaeolo~ists all along the sea coast and well into the inteio mountains have yielded a veitable teasue tove of Indian utensils and weapons, anging fom fishhooks, baskets and oooking utensils to ounningly fashioned stone oeemonial aticles end weapons. Pedo Fages, l'.lanual Venegas and vaious piests of the Fanois oan Ode who wee umong the fist Spanish exploes of Califonia have left athe voluminous ecods! of the life end habits of the coast tibes. All of them menti on the populo,us Indian towns in the midfo eighteenth oentuy between the mountains and the sea fom Vema.QiM. Konteey. The Santa Babaa ~:useum of l-iatual Histoy has assembled a wide an,":e of elics which depict in detail the Indian mode of living. The Indians of Santa Babaa and adjacent aeas built sea-going canoes of a size and seawothiness which gmazed the Spanish exploes. 12.

20 ~ ~ ' 13. They constucted quite elaboate gass huts whioh wee even equipped with sepaate ooms and oude funitue. In basket making these Indians of the s outhem coast and mountain aea neve appoaohed the atisty of the moe nothen tibes who even made closely woven baskets whioh would hold wate. The handy pitch o asphalt oozing fom the eath made close weaving unnecessay fo the local Indians and esulted in less attention being paid to the basket tmke's at. The southen tibes did, h~;eve~ poduce decidedly atistio pesonal onuments and fishing gea. David Bank Roges, aohaeologist and histoian, who spent many yeas mvestigating the Califonia Coast tibes, has poven that thee wee thee distinot peiods of Indian o'ultue i..11 the oental ws Pades egion. The ealiest Indians ae known to histoy as the Oak Gove People, ape-like oeatues wlm oamed the woods and m~~ntains end seemed to have little ocnneotion with the sea. Thei ao'.vheads, found in many pats of Los Pades Foest, wee distinotly cude. These people, with oaves as thei only shelte, lived some 10,000 to 12,000 yeas ago. The Hunt:ing People, whose antiquity goes baok 6,000 yeas, wee distinc'bly supeio to the Oak Gove People and wee the foeunnes of the still moe advanoed tibes of the Canalinos found by the Spaniads, and whose oocupanoy of the land appaently d8.tes baole some thee o fou thousand yeas. The exhibits of these thee peiods of the existenoe of the southen ooast aboi~inals show olealy thei cultual pogess in the manufactue of weapons and utensils fom exolusive stone, to stone and bone, then to seashell, wocxl and steatite,

21 [ 14. the last-named.ateial impoted fom futhe south in the state, evidently by wate tanspotation. The Indians of the diffeent peiods had one thing in common--they 0' lived off the land the esouces of the adjacent wates. Almost evey#hee within Los Pades National Foest can be found evidences of past Indian occupancy and use, in mot~s cut into the ock fo pounding to pulp the univesally-used acons and othe seeds and fuits, and in the ancient maktn;s on oo ks end c~~.ves. The l(anzana and Davy Bown sections ae eplete with Indian ~Nitings adonins the walls of caves o natual ock sheltes.!!!ven on the ocks and cliffs of the wild, emote Huicane Deck county Indian hieoglyphics ae found. In most places these Indian witings ae vey cude. Thee ae two notable exceptions to this. One is Painted Cave, lying just above the oi ty of Sa.nta Babaa. Hee Indian atists have coveed the walls of a cave with an intioate seies of vividly-coloed signs and symbols, equal to the best effots of the Sioux tibes futhe east. In the southeast cone of Caizzo Plain is a peoulia dome-shap~d fomation known as Painted Rock. Rising 14:0 feet above the suot~nding level land, the ook fomation is split to fom a hu~e ectangula hall o oom, open to the sky. Hee a lonp;-fog:otten ace of men evidently gatheed fo eligious ites of so~e sot. Tne walls of this natual temple ae coveed with painting woked in inticate designs which stand out today as olealy as when they wee inseted on the ock by the ancient atists. The dawings have a distinct esemblance to those of the Aztecs of Cental Ameica, but the Indians found hee by the fist Spanish exploes knew notl-ing of thei oigm.

22 15. All up and down the ooast thee wee egula migations of the vaious Indian tibes fom the seashoe to the mountains. The floos of oaves and the ~ound in shelteed aeas high up in the Santa Ynez Mountains ae litteed with seashells. It is a known faot that Indian families and s~~tibes had individual eseved aeas in the hills fom which they ga.theed aoons and beies, even thou~h the e;cistenoe of the Indians as a whole?tas lagely on a oom.'tiunal basis. Tespass of one tibe o goup on the oak goves, bey patches o hunting gounds of' anothe goup peoipitated the wa s waged by one tibe o subtibe on anothe. These tibal was wee oonstantly eouing affais. The fist white men found the Indian anoheias closely guaded a~ainst possible hostile attaok. The aeas a.ound the Indian villa?,es wee peiodioally buned of vegetative oove to guad against the unseen appoaoh of' enemies and this oustom has pobab ly given ise to the belief he ld by many the. t Indians habitually buned off the wild land oove of the suounding hills. The olosest investigations, howeve, tend to dispove that Indians delibeately buned of lage aeas o the native vegetative gowth be.foe the ooming of the white man. Outside of vey mino upisings, pomptly squelched by suoh looal authoities as wee in powe at the ti... e, Indians of Los Pades teitoy offeed no oga..ized esistanoe to white aggession, e.s did Califonia. tibes it!. othe seotions of the state. Spanish Exploation and Conquest The fist white men to set eyes on Los Pades.~ountains wee the Spaniads unde Juan Rodiques Cabillo, a PotuGese navi~ato em-

23 Q ~ 16. played by the Kine of Spain. Cabillo landed biefly on the Santa Babaa coast in the fall of 1542, planted too Spanish flag as a token of conquest and sailed ~Nay. As a Spanish hieling his act was justified since immediately afte the g~at discovey of Chistophe Colunbus Pope Alexande VII had issued to the King of Spain the geatest title deed the wold has eve known, 8. title in fee s i'f'l> Ie to all lands discoveed by Spain beyond the geat ~.Testen sea. The next Spanish exploe to land in this pat of Califonia wa~ Pedo de Unamumo who put ashoe at what is novi Moo Bay whi Ie enoute to Mexico fom a tans -Pacifio voyase. p~ enamed only lone enough fo his ship's cew to 'jet into a fight with the Indians, and continued on to ~/exioan teitoy. Seek:ing potable wealth in the fom of e;old and peals fo the Spanis h monachy, Sebastian Vizcaino led a flotilla of the e s hips up the Cal ifonia coast :in Vizcaino planted t he Spanish flag on the l~!onteey coast, thooughly chated : onteey Bay and in fact, made a vey ceditable map of the ent~e ooastal aea. Although caying on exploatio~'1 and co lonizat ion futhe to the south and east, the Spanish conquisadoes left Califonia in the hands of the Indians fo moe than a centuy and a half afte Vizcaino's expedition. In 1769, Gaspa de Potola and Fens.ndez Rivea led an expedition to the new lands of Califonia and on July 17 of that yea Fathe Junipeo SeEl. founded the fist of the chain of famous Califonia missions at San Diego. The educnted Fanciscan piests acco~panying Potola's men-at-ams have left cleacut ecods of this expedition, the oute of which fo1low'ed in geneal the ae a now e!l1baced in Los Pades iational -Foest

24 [1 [ Q 17. and blazed the ta.i 1 fom San Diego to Sen Fanoisoo Bay along sea ooast and ove mounta5n anges, late tod by the sandal-shod feet of the ~f.ission Pades. Potola's pal"ty, a mixtue of the eli.gious and seoula, skited the Snnta Ynez ltountaij1.b, passed thou ~h '1anota J.Ja.ss, toiled ove the Santn lucia Ran~e in what is na~ San Luis Obispo County end, leaving the southen end of Salinas ijalley, plun~ed into the lovle eaches of the ugged Coast Hange of the Konteey Division. In the latte pat of Septew.be the paty oamped nea the headwates of the Naoimiento Rive. The Spaniads wee SOm9what daunted by the u~ed way befoe them. Fathe Juan Cespi, chonic le of the expedition, wote, "e set out in the moni~ and the fist thing; WB.S to g;o ove the oest, with a paye in ou mouths, fo the day's jouney called fo nothin~ less." Potola, hmveve, evident ly cons ideed this the.lost fe~.s ib Ie oute ove the mountains to the sea coe.st since he late passed that way ~~ain and the famous soldie-exploe, Juan Eautista de }~a, mentions oe~ping on the same steam in late exploations. ission Da.ys The Spanish.exploes wee invaiably accompanied by epesentatives of the Chuch, a fact amply evidenced by the many eligious names confeed on topoga.~ ;hic featues encounteed on tei jouneys. The exploes wee soldies, howeve, seeking conquest o potable wealth, a.nd it is to "Jathe Junipeo Sea and his associate Fanciscans fip..s that Califonia O'NCS its fist ual land development. These Spo..nish pe.des, filled with holy zeal fo the convesion of the India.n heathens, wee also intensely pactice:s.l and boue;ht with them

25 18. fom the esta.blished settlements in Mexico seed o.nd livestock to fom the nucleus of Califonia agicultue. The obe.in of' 21 It'anciscan flissions, stating with San Diego on the south and ending with Sonoma on the noth wee established appoxi..l8.tely thity miles apa.t~ one day's foot tavel, since the ascetic faith of tle pades geneally fobade any othe means of locomotion.. In thei heyday these missions contolled 1,500,000 aces of famland, besides the use of contif.9lous mountain aeas fo pastua?;e ; owned 200,000 head of cattle, 21,000 head of hoses, 190,000 head of smep, and 2,000 head of swine. They had unde thei domination 30,000 Indian convets who~ unde t~ diection of the.wissionaies, tilled the lands and pocessed the poducts theeof' into food and clothing, besides pacticing the ites of too new white man's elision. Although woking coopea ti va ly one with anothe, eaoh miss ion wa s an independent unit in its agicultual and industial activity, uled by the esident fias unde a mild sot of despotism. Nine of the twenty-one 1,;is sions wee loca.ted adj ac ent to the geneal aea of Los Pades National Foest. Using thei moden seculaized names, Sa.n Antonio }I:ission, 20 miles southwest of King City, Was e stablis hed in 1771 by Potola's pe.ty. The following yea. San Inis Obispo Fission Vias founded, but it was not till 1779 that Camel, located on the Bay of t~t na~~, was dedicated. Ventua, o Buenaventua, came into existence in 1782 and as a single instance of the gowth of mission wealth, eight yeas late onned 10,013 head of cattle and 4,622 head of sheep. Santa Baba.a ission followed Ventua when the piests in 1786 comnenoed constuction close by the pesidial town establish3d by the

26 . Spanish militay foces. This famous ~ission geatly pospeed and suppoted a lage Indian population. Seveal hunded neophytes wee oganized into a militay foce by a militant piest leade when in 1818 Buenos Aies feebootes theatened to west Califonia fom Spanish dominance. This Indi~ milita.y foce late poved somewhat of a boomeang. The mission Indians esented dunken Spanish soldies molesting thei womenfolks and a be.ttle oyal ensued. Only by vitue of the supeio weapons of thei opponents wee the Indians foced to etie f'om the battlefield. Two decades of patient wok of the missionaies was alost lost when the soldies fied the mission buildings and the Indians fo a time eveted to a pimitive existence in the neaby Santa Ynez mountains. Pu is ima Miss ion, at the edge of Lomp 00 Valley, Vias e stab lished in 1787, and Soledad, in the middle of Salinas Valley, in Sen 1.iiguel, also in the Salinas Valley" was dedicated as an impota.nt mission plant in Although Santa Ynez l~iss ion, in t he cente of' Santa Ynez Valley, did not oome into existence until 1804, it beoame one of' the wealthiest of the mission chain, fom gain cops poduced on adjacent va.lley lands and livestoclc pastued on the su ounding hills. While the ma.in activities of the Fanoiscan i.~issions dealt with agioultual lands, consideable dependence was placed on the neaby mountain aeas. The massive hand-hevm timbes used in mission chuch constuction wee bone fo miles fom the high.e monntains on the shouldes of Indian neophytes, whose foebeas fo oentuies hed da~ed dmm ived boads fom the same aea.s to build thei canoes. Evidence of this ealy day log~ing was still visible in the mountains of Ventua 19

27 20. County w'hen the ttfoast eseve" vtas established in The nngy bl~ck 1.Ce:xican cattle of the Missions spen.c into the suoundinf; hills a..'1.d IT'.!l.ny of t hem wee content to emain e. nd multiply on the luxuiant gasses of the oteos found in all pfl.ts of' the mountain egion. Wild c~ttlej in the pa,la.lce of mission and ancheos vaqueos. meant those which had ~one wild in the hills and wee without an identifying band o :nak ca.ied by thei alnost equally wild bethen gazing the gentle v~lley ae~s. [. [! U l' :~; : L' Wa.te fo dotl"estio use and iig9.tio!'l Y!as one of the fist de..ands of the concenta.ted populations of the missions. A oomplic9,"'.;ed iigation system was installed a.t the San }-ntonio l'fission in the last deoade of the eighteenth oentuy and the na.le 1tlalpitas tl (fields) was given to the suounding aea as indicative of the wide ange of cultivo.ted fields and gadens suoundil"..g the Eission. The Ee.nta Babae" J.~ission i."1pounded mounta.in Ylntes fo iigatio~ and do..estic use by the cons 'buction of a lage e9.th end ook dun which seved until oompantively ecent yeas, and is still peseved as an outstanding exunple of mission industy. In 1798, a wate pov/'e mill vas eected at the SfL.'I1. Luis Obispo Mission. The pades at the Soledad Mission built 15 miles of a.queduot which conveyed suffioient 'vate to iigate 20,000 acos of valley la.nd. The Ventua ;!ission also ha.d a athe elaboate five-nile aqueduct. The seoulaization of the Califonia. Fissions by Eexican oivil authoities is a. snd chapte in Ca.lifonia histoy. Se.dde still is the subsequent stoy of the 1Iission Indians suddenly ton loose fom. a: well-odeed~ d isciplj.ned existence which had o.st;ued ~'P[lple food, shelte and bodily coveing. Many of them quiokly degeneated into

28 21. dunkads and petty thieves. TJ1..e few wlo did elect to etun to the ne.tive haunts of thei fobeas wee diven fom place to place by usuping white sett les and became staving, wandeing outcasts in the land ove which thei people had uled fo ages. The shune of thei teatment is set foth in detail in Helen Ifunt Jackson's famous novel, 'Ramona' [. The }.:Texioan ReP;jioe When l:!exioo in 1822, afte sixty-odd yeas of Spanish domination, cast off the shackles which bound he to the mothe county I not ove twenty land gants had been made in a.ll of the C.alifonia povince and none at all in the egion of' which Los Pades NatioT'..al Foest is a pat. In 1800, the total white popula.tion of Califonia VIas sone~i':hee gound 1,000 soulsm-leathe-j~cketed.soldies of Spain, Fanoiscan fias, actual settles, and a few hady adventues fom the United States and foeign lands. It had gown but little when Mexican independenoe bought moe libeal land la.w's and ~eat cattle anchos bega.yl to dot the Califonia landscape. The minimum size of the l~iexican land gants was eleven squae Spanish lea1?;ues (ove 48,000 a.ces), the standad size }texican homestead. A map of Los Pades National Foest shovts many ns.mes of tese old Mexican land gants. Fom the :nap of the J,~onteey Division such names as Los Tulacitos, Pasa de Ie. Osit'J.s, Rancho Las gilpitas, Rancho San Miguelo and :81 Piojo spinf~ out to meet the eye. On down though Sen Luis Obispo County the old holdings epesented hy Euehueo, Coal de Pieda, Santa l'ienuela, Canada de los 0505, Huasna and othes, still bea the i oiginal names. In Santa Babaa and Ventua Counties the

29 [ 22. boundaies of such old land gants as Tepesquet, Tinaquaic, Tequepis, Lome.s de la Pu.ifics-cion.. Nuesta. Senoo., Cane.de. Lnga 0 Vede a sooo of othes c~wd up into the mountain slopes and contend fo a place on the.ap VIi th noe posaic Anglo-Sa.."ton names. While the eign of the!t~exicen cattle baons VTas cojt.po.s.tively bief', thei use of the ango lands foms pobably one of the most coloful peiods of Califonia histoy. Cattle-aising was pe.ctically the sole industye The immense numbe of cat'~le poduoeti by the elatively 5.la,11 popule.tio( bought to a. peak the histoioal hide a.nd t~lloy( tade, stated duing the Spa.ish egime and caied on by Boston clippe ships and t~ding vessels of othe ~tions. RioAd Heny Dana has immotalized this industy in his "TIO Yeas Befoe the Mast tt, and montions pots of ca.ll still in use by coastw"ise vessels. Vitu.ally fon the cadle to the gave J the ILe:cican anoheos spent mos t of thei time in the sg,dd.le. The wold me neve poduoed fine hosemen. Unboken ides of 150 miles vee not uncommon. The wiy Hexio'.ll hoses wee invaiably tuned loose with a sha t# tailing iata attaohed# to facilitate oatching them...,hen e. fash mount was needed. The hoses wee b'6ken so that they knew no othe ~ai t bet\veen a walk and fast ~allop and wee tained to stat and stop with an ~bupt suddenness. Hoses becfl'":le as plentiful as cattle with nothi~ but a. limited looal tl'.aket fo this cla.ss of stock. Rodeos Vlee held duill~ which they wee ~~:tteed by the thousands and slaushteed to povide moe ange fo cattle. Sometimes they YTee killed by the mee expedient of di vin~ la~e bands ove a peoipitous cliff. At times leathe 'vas made fom hose hides to povide saoks to hold gain. o fo simila use.

30 [i ~ 23. The Ijl'exioan eno heos and vaqueos wee as expet in hend ling thei awhide ia.tas as they wee in nana~ing thei spiited hoses. One of the spots of the peiod was oaptuine ~iz?'ly beas alive, seveal hosemen skillfully lassoing the animal, tussing hi.~ up, and tanspoting him a consideable distanoe to enga~e in an exhibition fight with one of the fiece black bulls, bought in fom the ange. The iata was also used as a cude suveyo's ohain in the ough suveys whioh maked the boundaies of the land ~~ants. 110 wok Was pefomed afoot which oould be a.ocomplished fom the back of a hose. To the hundeds of thousands of cattle oaming the hills of the egion, a Jilan on foot was an allen fi~e in the landscape, and foot tave love the an-:;es of the half wi ld stock was a ha.zadous undetaking. Out side of the fias tnve ling fom miss ion to mis sion, who seemed blersed with special Divine potection, few essayed foot tave 1 in those ti..es. Local custom sa.nctioned anyone ce.tchin~ up a loose hose anyv/hee and lea"'in~ his jaded steed in his stead--halteed, so as to be oau~hb up late by some othe ide needing a fesh mount. The local esjdent o casual tave le vias also we lcome to slaughte a stee fo ca.mp meat, the only ule (an inviolable, unwitten law of the tiln.e) bems thb.t he must leave the hid.e of the anieo.l on a bush, tee o ock with the band and venta mak conspicuously displayed. Cattle \V 3e the mainstay of the anceos. Beef fomed the main item of daily diet, eithe on the an.~e o at the encho headcpates. A ela.tively small am.ount of died o pickled beef was sold to tading ships anchoed off the coast, but the pincipal income of the cattle baons came fom hides and tallow.

31 Q [i 24. Geen cattle hides wee univesally piced at ~)2.00 each and constituted in effect the co5.n of the ealm.. An aoba (25 lbs.) of tallovl Was a.1so piced a.t 'n~2.00. Little cash WD.S handled by the Califonios, hides S-I!d ta.l1ow being taded to the shipmastes fo dess 'Soods, manufactued aticles, luxuies of vaious sots, and fa foodstuffs not poduced in the Califonia of that time. Fo yeas the standad pice of' live cows was ~j4.00 each and oxen, gentled a.nd boken fo hauli-g and Vlokin:s, ~z:5.00 ea.ch. The almost equally sta.ndadized pices of S01m of the othe a.~ic'1li,-ual poducts of the egion wee 75 cents to.-~l2.00 pe...ead fo sheep; ~~2.00 to ~~4.00 pe head fo em..-n swine; hoses, ;~3.00 to ;::l9.00 pe hea.d fo boken stock, and milch cows ~::5.00 each. ;'Jheat w9.s: :2.00 to :~3.00 pe fanesa (100 1bs.), and be.ndy :;:50 pe 19ge bael. At the peiodic odeos which wee a Iso festive socia.l occasions, cattle wee di van to the mantanzas, o s lau(")1.te ~ounds, by the tens of thousa.nds. Hee they wee killed and dessed, the tallow' being endeed in la.ge ion kettles. 'N'hile in a melted state, the tallow Was poued into a ~een cowhide, the ej.e;es of which had been sevlll to ~ethe. This centaine Vle.s called a "bota". Besides thei "tt.'!o-dolla hides, the angy J"exican black ce.ttle poduced an aveage of 100 pounds of tallow pe anii.al, and if the choicest pats of the meat wee saved, appoximately fifty pounds of died o pickled beef. Rawhide Via.S to the Cal ifonia Dons what bucy~kin V[as to most Indian tibes. The seen hide itself w~s used fo botas, the cued ~y[hide fo iatas a.nd haltes. It WM ma.de into bedspings, ohai bottoms, and se.ddle skits. Rawhide thon,s wee un~vesally used in building constuction, taking the place of wie and nails of a late

32 D 25. peiod. Long afte thei hides and fats had been pocessed jn Eastem manufactuing centes, Califonia cattle still continued to contibute to the local indust y of which they wee once e. pat. The b leache d skulls wee hau Ie do hy the thousands fom the mantanzas to be built into fences aound the lncienda.s, the slnp hons poviding- a fomidable baie to potect anch gadens and ochads fom oaming heds. ~ftany sailos and adventues, attaoted by the bea.uty of the 10c al senoitas, the kindly Califonia climate, and the happy-sa-1uoky, easygoing way of living of the cattle baons, elected to settle down in the new land. A considea.ble numbe of Amei~ans by becoming citizens of the If:exican Republic secued land gants, mai~d into }-~exica.n families, and aften beca.use of thei industious and aggessive disposition, became actual leades in thei cojl1lunities. Although definite fi~ues ae not availab1e~ of the appoximate 1,000 Ameicans in the Cali o~nia povince in 1846, it is estimated thnt aound one-i'outhwee natualized Mexioans of luneican ext'lotion li vin~ in the fou counties in whio h the bulk of Los Pades Nationa.l Foest is looated. The pesence of these Ameican colonists pobably had a good dea.l to do with the fai~y easy conquest of Califonia by Ameican fooes in The bulk of the Califonios--the total population being not moe than ten thousand of all ages--had little love fo Itexico because of he neglect of the colony. Just the same, in too defense of the colony, the supeb hosemen of the hills with tm swingin~ laiat as thei most potent weapon~ poved moe fomidable antagonists ~han the pofessional soldies in the battles that took place between the Ameican invades and the };~exican fooes.

33 - ~ ~ Geneal John Chales Femont l the A."!leican conque st of Califonia. 1 Wa of the nothen section~ acclaimed as one of the heoes in 26. afte taking pat in tm Bea Flag maclbd south fom l:onteey with his motley egiment of iegul a s. Little touble was encounteed till it becune necessay because of the coasta.l oute being blocked by hostile foces l to negotiate the most ugged secto of the Santa Ynez Range. I~e the invades encounteed lashing ainstoms I swollen steams end ankle deep mud. They lost most of thei hoses and mules~ the bass cannon which was the pide of the egi..ent, and almost all of thei camping and militay equipment. It Was a agg;ed looking, pooly equipped b and of waios which eached the summit of San };Tacos Pa.ss Chistmas Day" Lieutenant Edwad Byant, one of Femont t~ offices, witin~ of the d.ownhill jouney to the sea coast and the tc71fn of Santa Babna., se.id "they olled dovin the slopes athe tm.n mached. 1t The stomy weathe had modea:l; ed, how~ ve, and Byant s cuent diay pafse s the vista of toweing peaks, luxuiant shub and flowe gonth, the glitteing ocean waves, the peaceful appeaing cattle anohes, and the spies of the old mission. He wote: ua moe lovely and piotuesque la.. dsoe.pe I neve beheld." Lieutenant B~Jant s diay and Geneal Femont's late books eoount :in detail the hadships of the tip though the mountains. afte yeas John Cha les Femont became a la.~e section and his name ap"ge~s in Sflllta BabA.a County ecods in oonnection with impotant land tansactions. land ONne in this In

34 ;.: ~:.. Ameican Pionee Days The geat ~old ush days bought to the oattle baons fabulous pices fo thei oattle, vhich wee shipped to San Fancisco. e.nd the mining fields of the noth by bont fom the :t!onteey coast (t.nd points futhe south, o diven in la5t3 heds fom an~e to maket. The ey.cit9~ent of the gold ush ft~the noth had the effect of elegating the stoy of these oa.ttle dives to San Fancisco and the Saoumento Valley to ~ the 1850's, but colo and excitement w~ked somewhnt mino plnce in Califonia histo~ of the pogess of these tail bads noth along and ove the ugged mountain anges. Battles vtith the elements; sts1:".peded cattle; fights with oganized bandit bands o thieving India.ns, made the jouney en e:.:ceedingly adventuous one, even though the pofits wee laf;e. The l':oxioan anchoos wee dazzled by the sudden pospeity bought about by high pices and local mekets. Tad1.ng ships no longe bought hides 9..'l'J.d tallov but did a pofitable business :i.n selling the stookmen almost evey luxuy which thei vessels could bing fom the Bqsten coast and foeign pots. No woy fo t he futuo s lowed down the extava.gant way of living of the cattlemen and by 1860 many of them had been foced out of business. l'lot only the extev~.. gance of the anoheos themselves, but the bette clnss of livestock bought in by Ameioen em:i.gnnts, put the liiezicen oattle.len out of business and gadually pushod the angy. hali' wild l'eexican cattle fom the a~es. }jatue heself deliveed t:h.e death blow to the easy-p;oing luxuy IOvine; Cali:onia. catt Ie baons. The heaviest a.infall known in Califonia up to thnt ti.1e oocued in the wi.nte of Thousnnds