April KHALED MOUSA BACHA. Physiology #2. Dr. Nayef AL-Gharaibeh. Pulmonary volumes & capacities
|
|
- Marsha Greer
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 25 th April Physiology #2 Pulmonary volumes & capacities Dr. Nayef AL-Gharaibeh KHALED MOUSA BACHA
2 We will start this lecture by explaining an important concept from the previous one: Intrapleural pressure is equal to -5 cmh 2 O at resting state, while during inspiration phase it will be around -8 cmh 2 O; so why there is an increase in this pressure negativity? There are two forces that affect the pleural space which are: 1- The chest expansion and diaphragm contraction which will pull the parietal layer "out and down" creating more negativity in the pleura (the red thick arrow). 2-Air filling force in the lungs that would push the visceral layer in the same direction which will decrease pleural suction (the blue thin arrow). If both forces have the same rate, there won't be a change in the pleural resting pressure, but the rate of chest expansion is more than air filling rate in the lungs which will validate the creation of more negativity in this cavity (e.g. the net pressure is equal to the negative pressure -suction forcecreated by air filling in the that is created by chest expansion minus the positive pressure that is lungs), Like if we close the glottis and try to expand the chest by doing forceful inspiration, the parietal layer will move while there is no air filling in the lungs which means that the visceral layer won't move, and that will create much more negativity in the pleura (-15 or -16 cmh 2 O). Now let's join this biophysical concept with another one: As this curve illustrates, intra-alveolar pressure starts from zero, then decreases to reach -1 cmh 2 O, after that it starts to increase in the middle of inspiratory phase to reach zero again, while intrapleural pressure keeps decreasing through the whole phase. Why? At the beginning of inspiratory phase -which is a suction force-, a negative pressure will be created due to inspiratory muscles contraction, and this negative pressure will appear at the curve (from zero to -1) but in the middle of inspiration there is another force which comes from the air filling of the alveoli which is positive pressure, now the airflow filling the alveoli force is more than the suction P a g e 1
3 force of the chest muscles, so the pressure will go up instead of keep decreasing, this is similar somehow to intrapleural pressure changes, but the pleural cavity is enclosed compartment which means that there is no air filling inside the pleura whereas the pushing force comes from the lungs!!! Now let's explain an another concept from this curve, the "Transpulmonary Pressure" Obviously it s the difference between the intra-alveolar pressure and the intraplural pressure. At the resting state the glottis is opened and before the inspiration - = 0 (-5) = 5 cmh 2 O At the middle of inspiration phase = (-1) (-6.5) = 5.5 cmh 2 O At the end of inspiration = 0 (-8) = 8 cmh 2 O When the transpulmonary pressure is equal to 5 cmh 2 O, the lungs are holding "x" volume of air, and as the transpulmonary pressure increases (from 5 to 5.5 then to 8 cmh 2 O), this indicates an increment in the air volume in the lungs "more than x" Because "transpulmonary pressure" definition: is the pressure which holds a certain volume of air in the lungs. The opposite scenario will happen during expiratory phase (from 8 to 5.5 then to 5 cmh 2 O), so the volume inside the lungs will decrease. And whenever the air volume in the lungs got fixed, the transpulmonary pressure won't change by its definition-. Pulmonary volumes and capacities This is another field of respiratory physiology and it is important for the evaluation of the respiratory functions. As the tests like ECG - which is done to evaluate cardiovascular functions-, blood pressure, temperature and chemicals concentration in the plasma. There is a "pulmonary function test; PFT" which we can explore the function of respiratory system through it. P a g e 2
4 The machine used in such test is called a spirometer, the classical one looks like the one in this picture, but we are going to use a high-tech, electrical and computerized one in the lab! How does this machine work? Spirometer consists of a chamber that is filled partially -at the edges- by water, and there is another chamber (floating drum) that is floating on the water on the top of the first chamber creating a cavity of air, at the base of it, there are two openings for tubes that the air will move through them (in & out), if the air increased in this cavity (by expiration) the floating drum will go up, while if it decreased (by inspiration) the drum will go down, and there is a connection to this drum with a pen that will move against a paper that is wrapped around rotating cylinder, this pen is going to draw lines on the paper according to the movement of the drum. Patient should close his nose and breathe from his mouth via the spirometer tube, during expiration, the volume of the air in the cavity will increase leading to raise the drum and drawing a line up, and the opposite thing will happen during inspiration, this lines will be proportional to the air volume inside the cavity, and because the cylinder is rotating, the lines will be drawn as waves making a "Spirograph" (while they would appear as overlapped lines if the cylinder was a static one) First of all, the lungs are floating in the chest with a certain volume of air that s always present in the lungs -the first breathe outside the uterus after the delivery is the hardest one in our entire life (excluding pathological situations) because it inflates the lungs, after that a fixed amount of air will remain in the lungs making the breathing process much easier!- Under a resting condition, we breathe normally and quietly because we do not need too much oxygen, while upon an exposure to any activity or stressful conditions we will start to breathe forcefully. Actually, we are able to breathe forcefully in a voluntary way, without a stress condition or doing exercises! And by that we can measure the different volumes inside the lung. TV = Tidal volume (500ml) IRV = Inspiratory reserve volume (3,000 ml) IC = Inspiratory capacity (3,500 ml) ERV = Expiratory reserve volume (1,000 ml) RV = Residual volume (1,200 ml) FRC = Functional residual capacity (2,200 ml) VC = Vital capacity (4,500 ml) TLC = Total lung capacity (5,700 ml) P a g e 3
5 Now let's talk about these different pulmonary volumes: Tidal Volume The volume of air that we inspire or expire during a resting state with a normal quiet breathing is called the Tidal Volume, we can approach it by asking the patient to breathe normally in the spirometer and that will be reflected as a small wave on Spirograph, the height of this wave represents the TV. The average value of TV is 0.5 L, and for females it's less than that! Inspiratory reserve volume Now, can we take a forceful inspiration after a normal one? Yes, because you are trying to do it now and it really works! actually that s done by sending signals by an action potential from the brain to all the muscles of inspiration (external intercostal muscles, diaphragm and accessory muscles) to contract, at first we inspire the half liter which is the TV, after that by increasing the contraction, chest expansion and the suction around the lungs, we will inspire much more than the TV, this inspired volume which entered after the TV is called the Inspiratory reserve volume. Its value is 3 L, which is a gift from god to take the amount of the oxygen that we need by increasing the volume of air in our lungs up to 3 liters on the top of TV upon demand! So physiologically, the human body is able to accommodate oxygen demand 6 times more than that required amount at resting state, which is a safety factor. Expiratory reserve volume We can approach it by doing a forceful expiration after we expel the TV by quiet expiration, and that is done by the contraction of internal intercostal muscles and abdominal recti. This extra amount of volume that's been expelled after the TV is called the Expiratory reserve volume and it reaches up to 1000 ml (1 L) it equals to 1100 milliliters according to Guyton which is our reference- Residual volume Which is the volume that remains in the lungs after the maximum ability for expiratory muscles contraction and reaching the point that we cannot expel more air; it equals to 1.2 L Humans lose this volume after a death or in the pathological situations like penetration of the lung layer or the chest layer which is called in medicine a "pneumothorax" (air inside the chest); like when a sharp object penetrates the chest cavity (pleural cavity) turning intrapleural pressure into zero, which means that there is no air inside the lung. P a g e 4
6 Now let's explain these volumes in physiological terms: Figure A represents the lungs after a forceful expiration (Minimal lung volume -residual volume- at maximum deflation). A The continuous line in Figure B represents the volume of air inside the lungs after a normal expiration (which is RV+ERV; ml) it's called the resting condition volume, and during normal breathing the volume will start to go up and down between the continuous line and the dashed one (± TV) B Figure C illustrates the volume inside the lungs after a forceful inspiration, which is the maximum inflation of the lungs (RV; 1200 ml + ERV; 1000 ml + TV; 500 ml + IRV; 3000 ml = 5700 ml) Why is that important? Because sometimes we need more oxygen and we are able to take it from IRV, other times we need to expel more CO 2 from the lungs and we are able to get rid of more CO 2 through expelling the ERV from lungs; and by that we get rid of the "contaminated" air and get a fresh air as an ERV, TV and IRV leading to renewal of the air in our lungs. C Also having this amount of air in the lungs which is the "Functional residual capacity" (RV+ERV) gives us beauty to our chests; the chest won't be a good looking if it's fully collapsed after the expiration and fully inflated after the inspiration! And that meets the function also, since the blood is continuously flowing through the lungs, there should be an amount of air inside them to maintain the gas exchange function, so the blood can take up oxygen gas even during the expiratory phase -from ERV and RV-. To sum up: Residual volume: the minimum amount of air remaining in our lungs after the maximum forceful expiration. Expiratory reserve volume: the maximum amount of air a person can expire by forceful expiration after a normal expiration. Tidal volume: the amount of air a person inspires or expires under a resting condition. Inspiratory reserve volume: the maximum amount of air a person can inspire from the atmosphere by forceful inspiration after a normal inspiration. P a g e 5
7 Pulmonary Capacities A capacity is a value that results from the summation of two or more volumes; like: Inspiratory capacity Mathematically is TV + IRV (3.5 L) Physiologically, it is the maximum amount of air a person can inspire by forceful inspiration after a normal expiration. Functional residual capacity Equals to ERV + RV (2.2 L) And it is the maximum amount of air remaining inside the lungs after a normal expiration. Vital capacity Equals to IRV + TV +ERV (4.5 L) It is the maximum amount of air a person can expire forcefully after a forceful inspiration, or the maximum amount of air a person can inspire forcefully after a forceful expiration. And it's called a "vital" because it is vital for our life, since it is responsible for the renewal of the air in the lungs by increasing the oxygen and decreasing carbon dioxide contents. Total lung capacity The total value of all respiratory volumes; IRV + TV + ERV + RV (5.7 L) All these capacities are measurable by spirometry except the FRC and TLC since both of them contain the residual volume, which is unmeasurable by spirometer because it stays in the lungs and could not be expelled out or inspired! But there is a simple method called "Helium dilution method" to calculate FRC, RV and TLC. Helium dilution method Helium is a nontoxic gas to be inspired, so we can use it. A spirometer of known volume is filled with atmospheric air mixed with helium at a known concentration (this is called the initial concentration of helium; Ci He ). Before breathing from the spirometer, the person expires normally. At the end of this expiration, the remaining volume in the lungs is equal to the functional residual capacity. At this point, the subject immediately begins to breathe from the spirometer (with a closed nose), and the gases of the spirometer mix with the gases of the lungs. P a g e 6
8 As a result, the helium becomes diluted by the functional residual capacity gases and evenly distributed between FRC and the spirometer, and the volume of the functional residual capacity can be calculated from the degree of dilution of the helium, using the following formula: where FRC is functional residual capacity, Ci He is initial concentration of helium in the spirometer, Cf He is final concentration of helium in the spirometer, and Vi Spir is initial volume of the spirometer. FRC = ( CiHe CfHe 1) ViSpir Once FRC is determined, we can calculate the residual volume by this equation: RV = FRC ERV Also the total lung capacity could be calculated through this one: TLC = FRC + IC *Actually, we can predict the FRC without these calculations, like if we try this method on a child female, and an adult male, the final concentration of the helium in spirometer would be much less for the adult male because the FRC is much larger, and the opposite thing for the child female. Finally, the dead space It s a volume on top of all the previously discussed ones, that is cannot be measured by simple spirometry (it needs a special method to be measured by spirometer). It is defined as the amount of air located in the air conducting channels; trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, where no gas exchange can happen (so called "dead space"), because gas exchange can occur only in the respiratory spaces; respiratory bronchioles, ducts and alveoli. there are two types of the dead space: the anatomical dead space: is the volume of air located in the bronchial tree (150 ml) it can be measured by a simple method as following: as we know, atmospheric air contains an oxygen, nitrogen, and a small amount of carbon dioxode, and the lungs contains the same gases! P a g e 7
9 at first the object has to expire forceflly then take a deep breath from a pure oxygen, allowing this oxygen to fill the lungs and bronchial tree (pulmonary spaces as well as the dead space), after that he have to expel the air in the spirometer that is connected with a device to measure the nitrogrn concentration, the first portion will be a pure oxygen (which was in the bronchial tree dead space- since there is no gas exchange there), after that the next portion of air will contains carbon dioxide and nitrogen due to gas exchage in the pulmonary spaces and mixing of the pure oxygen with pre-existing gases in the lungs. and the nitrogen concentration in this portion will be detected by the device that records and plotts nitrogin concentration to make a curve, and by that we can calculate the dead space volume (the first portion which consists of pure oxygen). The physiological dead space: some area in the respiratory spaces which has a ventilation but doesn t have a blood flow, it's considerd as a dead space because it doesn't exhibit any gas exchange, this space doesn't exist in healthy people, it might exist in tall people or those who have low blood pressure at the upper parts of their lungs (just ml), but it becomes a significant volume in abnormal pathological situations. THE END! Edited by: Cyrine katanani. Done by: Khaled Mousa Bacha. P a g e 8
Chapter 37: Pulmonary Ventilation. Chad & Angela
Chapter 37: Pulmonary Ventilation Chad & Angela Respiratory Structures Basic Structures of Respiration Nasal/Oral Cavities Larynx Trachea Bronchi Secondary Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Mechanics of Ventilation
More informationIntroduction. Respiration. Chapter 10. Objectives. Objectives. The Respiratory System
Introduction Respiration Chapter 10 The Respiratory System Provides a means of gas exchange between the environment and the body Plays a role in the regulation of acidbase balance during exercise Objectives
More information25/4/2016. Physiology #01 Respiratory system Nayef Garaibeh Rawan Alwaten
25/4/2016 Physiology #01 Respiratory system Nayef Garaibeh Rawan Alwaten Respiratory System Introduction: - We breath while we are sleeping, talking, working and resting. - Respiratory diseases are abundant
More informationThe Respiratory System
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Elaine N. Marieb Seventh Edition Chapter 13 The Respiratory System Slides 13.1 13.30 Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook Organs of the Respiratory system
More informationTV = Tidal volume (500ml) IRV = Inspiratory reserve volume (3,000 ml)
By: Amin alajlouni Lec: 2nd record Date: 29/10/2017 First of all, this is my first sheet so excuse any mistakes I might make and let's start: As we said before in our last lecture about lung capacities
More informationThe physiological functions of respiration and circulation. Mechanics. exercise 7. Respiratory Volumes. Objectives
exercise 7 Respiratory System Mechanics Objectives 1. To explain how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to enable gas exchange among the lungs, blood, and body tissues 2. To define respiration,
More informationPhysiology of the Respiratory System
Biology 212: Anatomy and Physiology II Physiology of the Respiratory System References: Saladin, KS: Anatomy and Physiology, The Unity of Form and Function 8 th (2018). Required reading before beginning
More informationLAB 7 HUMAN RESPIRATORY LAB. Complete the charts on pgs. 67 and 68 and read directions for using BIOPAC
66 LAB 7 HUMAN RESPIRATORY LAB Assignments: Due before lab: Quiz: Three Respiratory Interactive Physiology Animations pages 69 73. Complete the charts on pgs. 67 and 68 and read directions for using BIOPAC
More informationLab 3. The Respiratory System (designed by Heather E. M. Liwanag with T.M. Williams)
Name Lab Partners Lab 3. The Respiratory System (designed by Heather E. M. Liwanag with T.M. Williams) Part 1. Lung Volumes and Capacities Objectives 1. Obtain graphical representation of lung capacities
More informationBREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES
96 BIOLOGY, EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Respiration in insects is called direct because a. The tissues exchange O 2 directly with the air in
More informationPhysiology of Respiration
Physiology of Respiration External Respiration = pulmonary ventilation breathing involves 2 processes: inspiration expiration Inspiration an active process involves contraction of diaphragm innervated
More informationRespiratory system & exercise. Dr. Rehab F Gwada
Respiratory system & exercise Dr. Rehab F Gwada Objectives of lecture Outline the major anatomical components & important functions of the respiratory system. Describe the mechanics of ventilation. List
More informationRespiratory Physiology Gaseous Exchange
Respiratory Physiology Gaseous Exchange Session Objectives. What you will cover Basic anatomy of the lung including airways Breathing movements Lung volumes and capacities Compliance and Resistance in
More informationAirway: the tubes through which air flows between atmosphere and alveoli. Upper airway. Lower airway
Respiration Yu Yanqin ( 虞燕琴 ), PhD Dept. of fph Physiology Zhejiang University, School of Medicine Respiration Definition: the bodily processes involved in exchange of oxygen (O 2 ) and carbon dioxide
More informationBreathing. Physics of Breathing 11/14/2011. Function of Respiratory Tract. Structure of Respiratory Tract. Parts of the Respiratory Tract
Breathing Function of Respiratory Tract The respiratory tract is a series of spaces and semirigid tubes designed to convey air into and out of the respiratory organs (lungs). Parts of the Respiratory Tract
More information4/18/12 MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION. Every Breath You Take. Fun Facts
Objectives MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION Dr Badri Paudel Explain how the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures vary during ventilation and relate these pressure changes to Boyle s law. Define the terms
More informationQuestion 1: Define vital capacity. What is its significance? Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration. It is about 3.5 4.5 litres in the human body. It
More informationBREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES
96 BIOLOGY, EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Respiration in insects is called direct because a. The cell exchange O 2 directly with the air in the
More informationCollin County Community College. Lung Physiology
Collin County Community College BIOL. 2402 Anatomy & Physiology WEEK 9 Respiratory System 1 Lung Physiology Factors affecting Ventillation 1. Airway resistance Flow = Δ P / R Most resistance is encountered
More informationFashionable, don t you think?
Fashionable, don t you think? 1. Passageway 2. Structure 3. Passageway 4. What is the name of the structure labeled with # 9 in the model at left? 5. What is the name of the structure labeled with # 11
More informationRespiratory Physiology
Respiratory Physiology Background Information: When inspiring, the pleura attached to the internal chest wall is pulled outward as the thoracic cavity expands. The pleural cavity [space between the outer
More informationRespiratory System Lab
Respiratory System Lab Note: Review the safety materials and wear goggles when working with chemicals. Read the entire exercise before you begin. Take time to organize the materials you will need and set
More informationRespiration - Human 1
Respiration - Human 1 At the end of the lectures on respiration you should be able to, 1. Describe events in the respiratory processes 2. Discuss the mechanism of lung ventilation in human 3. Discuss the
More informationCHAPTER 3: The respiratory system
CHAPTER 3: The respiratory system Practice questions - text book pages 56-58 1) When the inspiratory muscles contract, which one of the following statements is true? a. the size of the thoracic cavity
More informationFor more information about how to cite these materials visit
Author(s): Louis D Alecy, 2009 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
More informationRespiratory System Review
KEY THIS TEST WILL BE COMPLETED IN ONE CLASS PERIOD MONDAY, MARCH 10. 2014 Respiratory System Review Name A. Directions: Fill in the blank with the appropriate vocabulary word or words (several examples
More information3/24/2009 LAB D.HAMMOUDI.MD. 1. Trachea 2. Thoracic wall 3. Lungs 4. Primary bronchi 5. Diaphragm
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY LAB D.HAMMOUDI.MD 1. Trachea 2. Thoracic wall 3. Lungs 4. Primary bronchi 5. Diaphragm 1 KEY WORDS TO KNOW BOYLE S LAW INTERCOSTAL NERVES PHRENIC NERVE DIAPHRAGM EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL
More information2. State the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breathing.
CLASS XI BIOLOGY Breathing And Exchange of Gases 1. Define vital capacity. What is its significance? Answer: Vital Capacity (VC): The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration.
More informationLung Volumes and Capacities
Lung Volumes and Capacities Normally the volume of air entering the lungs during a single inspiration is approximately equal to the volume leaving on the subsequent expiration and is called the tidal volume.
More informationPhysiology (3) Pulmonary Function Test:
Pulmonary Function Test: Today we will continue with the pulmonary function test, and the question is: why do we do pulmonary function tests for patients? Can pulmonary function tests tell us what type
More informationBIOLOGY 12: UNIT J - CHAPTER 15 - REVIEW WORKSHEET RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
BIOLOGY 12: UNIT J - CHAPTER 15 - REVIEW WORKSHEET RESPIRATORY SYSTEM A. CHAPTER REVIEW 1. Define the four components of respiration. 2. What happens to the air as it moves along the air passages? What
More informationRespiratory Physiology 2
Respiratory Physiology 2 Session Objectives. What you will cover Gaseous Exchange Control of Breathing Rate Your objectives are State the function of support structures and epithelia of the bronchial tree
More informationPhysiology - lecture 3
Physiology - lecture 3 Residual Volume (RV):the amount of gas remaining in the lung at the end of a maximal exhalation Tidal Volume (TV):the volume of gas inhaled and exhaled during one respiratory cycle.
More informationCardiopulmonary Physical Therapy. Haneul Lee, DSc, PT
Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Haneul Lee, DSc, PT OBJECTIVE 1. Explain the principle physiological function of the pulmonary system 2. Outline the major anatomical components of the respiratory system.
More informationRespiratory system. Role. Ventilation consists of 4 (5) steps : oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide elimination ph balance sound and voice formation
Respiratory system Role oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide elimination ph balance sound and voice formation Ventilation consists of 4 (5) steps : 1. pulmonary ventilation gas exchange between lungs and
More informationRespiratory System. Part 2
Respiratory System Part 2 Respiration Exchange of gases between air and body cells Three steps 1. Ventilation 2. External respiration 3. Internal respiration Ventilation Pulmonary ventilation consists
More informationRespiration. The resspiratory system
Respiration The resspiratory system The Alveoli The lungs have about 300 million alveoli, with a total crosssec onal area of 50 70 m2.. Each alveolar sac is surrounded by blood capillaries. The walls of
More informationThe Respiratory System Part I. Dr. Adelina Vlad
The Respiratory System Part I Dr. Adelina Vlad The Respiratory Process Breathing automatic, rhythmic and centrally-regulated mechanical process by which the atmospheric gas moves into and out of the lungs
More informationRespiration Lab Instructions
Respiration Lab Instructions This laboratory investigation can be performed in any order. Be sure to read all instructions for each section before performing the experiment. PART 1 STUDENT WET SPIROMETER
More informationCHAPTER 3: The cardio-respiratory system
: The cardio-respiratory system Exam style questions - text book pages 44-45 1) Describe the structures involved in gaseous exchange in the lungs and explain how gaseous exchange occurs within this tissue.
More informationrespiratory cycle. point in the volumes: 500 milliliters. for men. expiration, up to 1200 milliliters extra makes breathing Respiratory
10 II. RESPIRATORY VOLUMES, CAPACITIES & PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS Respiratory volume is the term used for various volumes of air moved by or associated with the lungs at a given point in the respiratory
More informationDepartment of Biology Work Sheet Respiratory system,9 class
I. Name the following : Department of Biology Work Sheet Respiratory system,9 class 1. A muscular sheet separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities. 2. A respiratory tube supported by cartilaginous
More information1 CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES https://biologyaipmt.com/
1 CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES https://biologyaipmt.com/ CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES Oxygen (O2) is utilised by the organisms to indirectly break down nutrient molecules like
More informationRespiratory System Physiology. Dr. Vedat Evren
Respiratory System Physiology Dr. Vedat Evren Respiration Processes involved in oxygen transport from the atmosphere to the body tissues and the release and transportation of carbon dioxide produced in
More informationCornell Institute for. Biology Teachers. Respirometry Part I: Lung Volumes and Capacities. Lab issue/rev. date: 12/12/96. Title:
Cornell Institute for Biology Teachers Copyright Cornell Institute for Biology Teachers, 1999. This work may be copied by the original recipient from CIBT to provide copies for users working under the
More informationChapter 15. Lecture and Animation Outline
Chapter 15 Lecture and Animation Outline To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off. Please Note: Once you have
More informationChapter 13 The Respiratory System
Chapter 13 The Respiratory System by Dr. Jay M. Templin Brooks/Cole - Thomson Learning Atmosphere Tissue cell External respiration Alveoli of lungs 1 Ventilation or gas exchange between the atmosphere
More informationRespiratory Pulmonary Ventilation
Respiratory Pulmonary Ventilation Pulmonary Ventilation Pulmonary ventilation is the act of breathing and the first step in the respiratory process. Pulmonary ventilation brings in air with a new supply
More informationLung Capacity. Science and Engineering Practices: S.1A.1; S.1A.2; S.1A.4; S.1A.5; S.1A.7
SC Academic Standards: NGSS DCI: Science and Engineering Practices: S.1A.1; S.1A.2; S.1A.4; S.1A.5; S.1A.7 Crosscutting Concepts: Patterns; Cause and Effect: Mechanism and Explanation; Systems and Systems
More informationCHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES
268 BIOLOGY CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES 17.1 Respiratory Organs 17.2 Mechanism of Breathing 17.3 Exchange of Gases 17.4 Transport of Gases 17.5 Regulation of Respiration 17.6 Disorders of
More informationSTATIC BIOMECHANICS OF THE MAMMALIAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1
STATIC BIOMECHANICS OF THE MAMMALIAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1 Summary: We begin a consideration of breathing in mammals. We will start with the definitions of a series of sub- volumes of the total volume of
More informationRespiration. The ins and outs
Respiration The ins and outs Functions 1. To bring O 2 into the body and transfer it to the blood stream 2. To remove CO 2 Circulation and respiration work together to achieve these functions Why Do We
More informationThe Respiratory System. Medical Terminology
The Respiratory System Medical Terminology The respiratory system is where gas exchange occurs via respiration; inhalation/exhalation. pick up oxygen from inhaled air expels carbon dioxide and water sinus
More informationChapter 16 Respiratory System
Introduction Chapter 16 Respiratory System The respiratory system consists of tubes that filter incoming air and transport it to alveoli where gases are exchanged. Think pair share: what organs are associated
More informationOutline - Respiratory System. Function of the respiratory system Parts of the respiratory system Mechanics of breathing Regulation of breathing
Respiratory system Function Outline - Respiratory System I. II. III. IV. Respiratory System The function of the respiratory system is to bring in oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide. Function
More informationRespiratory Physiology. ED Primary Teaching
Respiratory Physiology ED Primary Teaching Functions of the respiratory system Gas exchange with O2 and CO2 Surfactant production Defence - IgA and macrophages Filer - pollutants and thromboembolism Metabolises
More informationBreathing oxygenates the blood to allow food to be respired
Chapter 6 Breathing oxygenates the blood to allow food to be respired This chapter covers: the structure of the human gas exchange system the mechanism of breathing gas exchange in the alveoli the concept
More informationLectures on Medical Biophysics Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University in Brno. Biophysics of breathing.
Lectures on Medical Biophysics Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University in Brno Biophysics of breathing. Spirometry 1 Lecture outline Mechanisms of gas exchange between organism and
More informationUNIT 9 - RESPIRATORY SYSTEM LECTURE NOTES
UNIT 9 - RESPIRATORY SYSTEM LECTURE NOTES 9.01 GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM A. Brings oxygenated air to the alveoli B. Removes air containing carbon dioxide C. Filters, warms, and humidifies
More informationPulmonary Function I (modified by C. S. Tritt, April 10, 2006) Volumes and Capacities
I. Introduction Pulmonary Function I (modified by C. S. Tritt, April 10, 2006) Volumes and Capacities The volume of air a person inhales (inspires) and exhales (expires) can be measured with a spirometer
More informationLAB 3: RESPIRATORY MECHANICS
BIOEN 327 Autumn 2012 LAB 3: RESPIRATORY MECHANICS Pressures throughout the cardiovascular system are important for the health of the body and of the system itself. Today we explore pulmonary pressures
More informationHuman Biology Respiratory System
Human Biology Respiratory System Respiratory System Responsible for process of breathing Works in cooperation with Circulatory system Three types: 1. Internal Respiration 2. External Respiration 3. Cellular
More informationRespiratory System Homework
Respiratory System Homework The R S is the body s breathing equipment. Similar to the D system, it takes S from outside the body (G, particularly O ), circulates them through the body to C and T, then
More informationLung Volumes and Capacities
BIOL242 Lung Volumes and Capacities Measurement of lung volumes provides a tool for understanding normal function of the lungs as well as disease states. The breathing cycle is initiated by expansion of
More informationBIOH122 Human Biological Science 2
BIOH122 Human Biological Science 2 Session 11 Respiratory System 2 Pulmonary Ventilation Bioscience Department Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au Session plan o Pulmonary Ventilation
More informationTest Bank for Pilbeams Mechanical Ventilation Physiological and Clinical Applications 6th Edition by Cairo
Test Bank for Pilbeams Mechanical Ventilation Physiological and Clinical Applications 6th Edition by Cairo Link full download: http://testbankair.com/download/test-bank-for-pilbeams-mechanicalventilation-physiological-and-clinical-applications-6th-edition-by-cairo/
More informationRespiratory/Pulmonary Laboratory Experimentation
Respiratory/Pulmonary Laboratory Experimentation Introduction Anatomy Review The respiratory system has the dubious honor of being the system that permits the transport of gases from the environment inside
More informationRespiratory Lecture Test Questions Set 1
Respiratory Lecture Test Questions Set 1 1. The term "respiration" in its most complete meaning is: a. breathing b. oxygen transport c. carbon dioxide transport d. cellular energy production e. all of
More informationRegulation of Breathing
Regulation of Breathing Introduction Breathing involves a complex interaction between many important respiratory organs and the blood. Air is brought into the lungs through the active process of inhalation,
More informationTHE MECHANICS of RESPIRATION. Introduction
THE MECHANICS of RESPIRATION Dr. James Duffin Departments of Physiology and Anaesthesia General Learning Objectives: 1. How is air moved into and out of the lungs? 2. What mechanical factors affect the
More informationThe Human Respiratory System. Mary McKenna. Lab Partners: Jennifer Daciolas-Semon Veronika Mach Colette Roblee
1 The Human Respiratory System Mary McKenna Lab Partners: Jennifer Daciolas-Semon Veronika Mach Colette Roblee TA: Pearl Chen NPB 101L Section 1 November 25, 2014 2 Introduction The average human will
More information1.2 The structure and functions of the cardio-respiratory system Learning objectives
1.2 The structure and functions of the cardio-respiratory system Learning objectives To understand the functions of the circulatory system. To be able to identify the differences between veins, arteries
More informationGASEOUS EXCHANGE 17 JULY 2013
GASEOUS EXCHANGE 17 JULY 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson we: Discuss what is gaseous exchange? Consider requirements of an efficient gaseous exchange surface. Look at diversity in gas exchange systems.
More informationinquiry question How does the respiratory system contribute to energy production for movement? UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
inquiry question How does the respiratory system contribute to energy production for movement? chapter 7 Structure and functions of the respiratory system The respiratory system is the starting point for
More informationRespiratory System 1
Respiratory System 1 Outline Respiratory structures Gills Air-Breathing Animals Amphibians and Reptiles Mammals Birds Structures and Mechanisms of Breathing 2 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
More informationSection Two Diffusion of gases
Section Two Diffusion of gases Lecture 5: Partial pressure and the composition of gasses in air. Factors affecting diffusion of gases. Ventilation perfusion ratio effect on alveolar gas concentration.
More informationPart 1: Inspiratory and expiratory pressures
BIOEN 327 Autumn 2013 Experimental procedures Throughout these experiments, record in your notebook the purpose of the experiments, the methods you used, and the results. Where possible, make predictions
More informationBiology 347 General Physiology Lab Basic Pulmonary Functions: Respirometry and Factors that Effect Respiration
Biology 347 General Physiology Lab Basic Pulmonary Functions: Respirometry and Factors that Effect Respiration Objectives Students will measure breathing parameters in a resting subject. Students will
More information2.1.1 List the principal structures of the
physiology 2.1.1 List the principal structures of the The principle structures of the respiratory are: Nose/Mouth used for inhalation of oxygen-rich air and expelling carbon dioxide rich air Pharynx -
More informationRSPT 1060 OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES EQUATION OF MOTION. MODULE C Applied Physics Lesson #1 - Mechanics. Ventilation vs.
RSPT 1060 MODULE C Applied Physics Lesson #1 - Mechanics OBJECTIVES At the end of this module, the student should be able to define the terms and abbreviations used in the module. draw & explain the equation
More informationThe Human Respiratory System
The Human Respiratory System Maryam Maheri Kiana Kayoda, Nazalia, Emerald Bocobo NPB 101 L section 008 TA: Ashneel Krishna 2/26/2015 Introduction: The respiratory system allows gas exchange between cells
More informationLung Volumes and Capacities
Lung Volumes and Capacities Experiment 19 Measurement of lung volumes provides a tool for understanding normal function of the lungs as well as disease states. The breathing cycle is initiated by expansion
More informationThe Respiration System in Humans. Madeline Pitman. Group Members: Kathryn Hillegass Michelle Liu Noelle Owen. Section 62 Danielle Cooper
1 The Respiration System in Humans Madeline Pitman Group Members: Kathryn Hillegass Michelle Liu Noelle Owen Section 62 Danielle Cooper August 11, 2014 2 A. Introduction Experiment Goals The experiment
More informationAssignments for Life Processes(Respiration)
Assignments for Life Processes(Respiration) 1 Question 1 Why do organisms need food? Organisms need food for obtaining energy to perform the vital functions. Question 2 What is a respiratory substrate?
More informationRestrictive and Obstructive Airway Diseases
iworx Physiology Lab Experiment Experiment HS-8-1 Restrictive and Obstructive Airway Diseases Note: The lab presented here is intended for evaluation purposes only. iworx users should refer to the User
More informationCapnography in the Veterinary Technician Toolbox. Katie Pinner BS, LVT Bush Advanced Veterinary Imaging Richmond, VA
Capnography in the Veterinary Technician Toolbox Katie Pinner BS, LVT Bush Advanced Veterinary Imaging Richmond, VA What are Respiration and Ventilation? Respiration includes all those chemical and physical
More informationIV. FROM AQUATIC TO ATMOSPHERIC BREATHING: THE TRACHEA & THE LUNG
GAS EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT I. INTRODUCTION: Heterotrophs oxidize carbon cmpds using O 2 to generate CO 2 & H 2 O. This is cellular respiration II. HOW GAS ENTERS A CELL A. The composition of air: 79% N
More information2/28/18. Respiratory System. 1 Copyright 2016 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction. Anatomy. Physiology. Respiratory System
Introduction Respiratory System Chapter 28 Respiration: We inhale air, extract oxygen from it, exhale air Cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together Failure of either system: - Disruption of
More informationRESPIRATORY REGULATION DURING EXERCISE
RESPIRATORY REGULATION DURING EXERCISE Respiration Respiration delivery of oxygen to and removal of carbon dioxide from the tissue External respiration ventilation and exchange of gases in the lung Internal
More informationLab 17. The Respiratory System. Laboratory Objectives
Lab 17 The Respiratory System Laboratory Objectives Identify and describe the anatomical structures of the respiratory system. Describe the relationship between volume and pressure. Describe changes in
More informationHuman Respiration and Regulation. Jean Liu. Group Bernard (Group 1): Megan Bailey, Katharine Chew, David Ma. Section 12, TA Justin Van Hoorebeke
1 Human Respiration and Regulation Jean Liu Group Bernard (Group 1): Megan Bailey, Katharine Chew, David Ma Section 12, TA Justin Van Hoorebeke November 28, 2014 2 Introduction The respiratory system is
More informationRespiratory system. Premedical - Biology
Respiratory system Premedical - Biology Composition of atmosphere Nitrogen (N 2 ) 840 ppmv (78.084%) Oxygen (O 2 ) 209,460 ppmv (20.946%) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 387 ppmv (0.0387%) Argon (Ar), Neon (Ne),
More informationRespiration (revised 2006) Pulmonary Mechanics
Respiration (revised 2006) Pulmonary Mechanics PUL 1. Diagram how pleural pressure, alveolar pressure, airflow, and lung volume change during a normal quiet breathing cycle. Identify on the figure the
More information(Slide 1) Lecture Notes: Respiratory System
(Slide 1) Lecture Notes: Respiratory System I. (Slide 2) The Respiratory Tract A) Major structures and regions of the respiratory Tract/Route INTO body 1) nose 2) nasal cavity 3) pharynx 4) glottis 5)
More informationHuman gas exchange. Question Paper. Save My Exams! The Home of Revision. Cambridge International Examinations. 56 minutes. Time Allowed: Score: /46
Human gas exchange Question Paper Level Subject Exam oard Topic Sub Topic ooklet O Level iology ambridge International Examinations Respiration Human gas exchange Question Paper Time llowed: 56 minutes
More informationMonday, ! Today: Respiratory system! 5/20/14! Transport of Blood! What we ve been covering! Circulatory system! Parts of blood! Heart! tubing!
Monday, 5.19.14! What we ve been covering! Circulatory system! Parts of blood! Heart! tubing! Transport of Blood! What is transported! Nutrients! Oxygen! Carbon Dioxide! Hormones! Antibodies! What it is/does!
More informationYanal. Jumana Jihad. Jamil Nazzal. 0 P a g e
2 Yanal Jumana Jihad Jamil Nazzal 0 P a g e note: this sheet was written and corrected according to the records from section 2 so you may find differences in the arrangement of topics from the records
More informationHuman Respiration Laboratory Experiment By
Human Respiration Laboratory Experiment By Alison L., Thurow, Brittany Baierlein, Rachel C. Holsinger and Robin L. Cooper Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 0225, USA. Purpose:
More information(A) The partial pressure in the lungs is higher than in the blood, and oxygen diffuses out of the lungs passively.
DAT Biology - Problem Drill 12: The Respiratory System Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which statement about the partial pressure of oxygen inside the lungs is correct? Question #01 (A) The partial pressure in
More informationDepartment of Biology Work Sheet Respiratory system
Department of Biology Work Sheet Respiratory system 1. Name the following : i. A muscular sheet separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities. ii. A respiratory tube supported by cartilaginous rings.
More information