Wave Energy Research and Applications

Transcription

1 Wave Energy Research and Applications Shoreline and Shallows conference East Lansing, MI March 7, 2019 Photo: Dave Sanford

2 Waves Background 1. Types of Waves 2. Good and Bad Waves 3. Restoration Impacts Photo: Dave Sanford 2

3 Wave 3

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7 Shoreline Protection Waves Matter 7

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10 Wave Model Use for Coastal Planning 10

11 Active Marine Stations Buoy (+33) 105 Fixed (+15)

12 Data Collection Buoys

13 Buoy Specifications Weight: 350lbs (left), 60lb (right) ballast Power (left): 96 Ah (12v) + 75 W solar Power (right): 20 Ah (12v) + 40 W Atmospheric Instruments Air Temp & R.H. Wind Speed & Direction Pressure Solar Radiation WEBCAM Water Instruments Wave height, period, direction Water temperature Water velocity Data Logger & Modem Campbell Scientific CR1000 SierraWireless RV50

14 Low Cost Environmental Sensing $500 to $1000 per unit to measure: Air, solar, water temp, water level, pressure 14

15 Coastal Research and Restoration Toolbox 1. Wave models: SWAN, SWASH 2. Hydrodynamic models: EFDC, FVCOM, MIKE2/MIKE3 3. Flooding models: FEPS, MIKE2, HEC-RAS2D 4. USACE Wave Information Studies (WIS) 5. Linking to regional/large-scale models 1. Climate models 2. Great Lakes Coastal Forecasting System 3. Storm surge modeling 15

16 Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) 1. Third-generation wind wave model, developed at Delft University of Technology 2. Computes random, short-crested wind-generated waves in coastal regions and inland waters 3. Can operate on structured or unstructured grids 4. Simulated wave processes: 1. propagation in time and space, 2. shoaling, 3. refraction, 4. three- and four-wave interactions, 5. bottom friction 6. depth-induced breaking, 7. and dissipation 16

17 Simulating WAves till SHore (SWASH) 1. Companion model to SWAN that simulates wave run-up on shore. 2. Computes unsteady, non-hydrostatic, free-surface, rotational flow and transport phenomena in coastal waters as driven by waves, tides, buoyancy and wind forces (not a Boussinesq-type model). 3. Can operate on Cartesian or curvilinear grids 4. Simulated wave processes: 1. propagation in time and space, 2. shoaling, 3. refraction, 4. nonlinear wave-wave interactions, 5. wave breaking 6. wave runup and rundown 17

18 Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) 1. Surface water model that is capable of coupling hydrodynamic, water quality and sediment transport processes in a single simulation. 2. Can be applied in 1, 2, or 3-dimensions to simulate rivers, lakes, estuaries, coastal regions and wetlands. 3. EPA supported and approved 4. Widely used for pollutant source modeling. 5. Some limitations on spatial resolution due to curvilinear grid requirements 18

19 Finite Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) 1. Three-dimensional fully coupled ice-ocean-wave-sedimentecosystem model 2. Originally developed to simulate hydrodynamics in coastal ocean regions; however it has recently gained popularity for use in large lakes 3. Operates on an unstructured grid 4. Coupled and linked with water quality, sediment transport, wave, and particle tracking sub-models 19

20 MIKE21 and MIKE3 models 1. Two- (MIKE21) and three- (MIKE3) dimensional fully coupled hydrodynamic models 2. Developed by DHI (Danish Hydraulic Institute) 3. Plug and Play additional modules to simulate different processes and constituents 1. Water quality 2. Waves 3. Sediment 4. Flooding, etc 4. Widely used globally for coastal modeling 20

21 Flood and Erosion Prediction System (FEPS) 1. Tool linking extensive datasets to GIS framework in order to estimate flooding potential and risk 2. Developed by Baird and Associates 3. Predicts rates of inundation and damage due to wave forces on structures 4. Quantifies flooding damages, erosion impacts, and shoreline protection maintenance costs over long time periods 21

22 Coastal Research and Restoration: Case Studies 1. Omans Creek, MI 2. Sugar Island, Detroit, MI 3. West Riverfront Park, Detroit, MI 4. Lake Ontario 5. Don River, Toronto, On 22

23 Little Girls Point and Omans Creek, MI Omans Creek is a small tributary to Lake Superior West shore of Omans Creek forms Little Girls Point, privately owned. Mouth of Omans Creek accumulates sediment and is regularly dredged to maintain boat access Michigan Department of Natural Resources owns land adjacent, including boat launch Objective: Study coastal processes causing sediment accumulation and propose design alternatives to protect creek mouth Tools: EFDC, SWAN 23

24 Little Girls Point and Omans Creek, MI Site conditions: Little Girl s Point shoreline classified as High Erosion Potential MDEQ estimates erosion rate of 1.7 to 1.8 feet per year. Median grain size 2 mm to 7 mm 24

25 Little Girls Point and Omans Creek, MI EFDC Hydrodynamic Model: Variable rectilinear grid ~120 m near mouth, to 2km in Lake Superior Up to 10 layers Simulation Current induced shear stress not sufficient to mobilize the medium sand (< 3 dynes/cm 2 ) 25

26 Little Girls Point and Omans Creek, MI SWAN Wind-Wave Model: Operates on same computational grid as EFDC model EFDC output is passes to SWAN model Dynamically simulates wave direction, height, period Dominant waves towards the southwest, breaking near project site. 26

27 Little Girls Point and Omans Creek, MI Combined Shear Stress effects: Currents alone not enough to mobilize material at site Waves and currents can be strong enough to mobilize larger material 27

28 Little Girls Point and Omans Creek, MI Design Alternative Considerations: Groyne to limit longshore sediment transport into creek mouth Some exposed bedrock Private property owners Adjacent waterbody (Ikwesens Creek). Design must not negatively impact nearby creek Environmental conditions Ice 28

29 Little Girls Point and Omans Creek, MI A) B) 29

30 Sugar Island, Detroit River, MI The island s habitat was suffering due to: Southern exposure to Lake Erie High water levels Wave and wind action Human disturbance from past land uses Human disturbance from the Livingstone Channel Cross Dike Objective: Explore ecological value and feasibility in controlling shoreline erosion and simultaneously enhancing fish and wildlife habitat Tools: FVCOM, SWAN 30

31 Sugar Island, Detroit River, MI Hydrodynamic Modeling (FVCOM) FVCOM simulates hydrodynamic process including temperature effects, currents, and shear stress. Fine-scale, 3-dimensional unstructured model mesh (~10,000 horizontal computation elements, 2 vertical layers) Simulated transport conditions from 2017 Design alternatives were simulated, including placement of groynes on west shore of Sugar Island 31

32 Sugar Island, Detroit River, MI Baseline Conditions Simulated groyne 32

33 Sugar Island, Detroit River, MI Wind-wave modeling (SWAN) Used in steady-state model to simulate wave heights, periods, shear stress. Fine-scale, 2-dimensional unstructured model mesh covering all of the Western Basin of Lake Erie Simulated extreme conditions represented worst case scenario for waves to hit southern shore of Sugar Island 33

34 Sugar Island, Detroit River, MI Wind-wave Modeling (SWAN) 34

35 Sugar Island, Detroit River, MI Design Alternative Create barrier islands to protect southern shoreline. Islands also create beneficial habitat for fish, birds, and herptiles Models were run to simulate design morphology and assess impact on currents, waves, and bed stress 35

36 Sugar Island, Detroit River, MI 36

37 West Riverfront Park, Detroit River, MI Objectives: Revitalize Detroit s riverfront Provide destination and yearround activities for community members Improve fish and wildlife habitat near site. Tools: FVCOM (hydrodynamic and water quality), SWAN 37

38 West Riverfront Park, Detroit River, MI Project and Site Description Design must be protective of public health Project consists of monitoring, modeling, and development of operational strategies Modeling to assess physical transport as well as bacterial pollution potential ~30 untreated or partially treated sewer overflows 38

39 West Riverfront Park, Detroit River, MI FVCOM Hydrodynamic Model Very-fine scale 3-dimensional unstructured grid Simulate water velocities and shear stresses Design aquatic habitat areas based on flow characteristics - sheltering opportunities, velocity gradients, recirculating eddies Design of pipe to flush the cove ensure recirculation Sediment transport properties (areas of likely scour and deposition) Model bacteria concentrations in the Detroit River and Cove considering the pollutant sources 39

40 West Riverfront Park, Detroit River, MI 40

41 West Riverfront Park, Detroit River, MI 41

42 West Riverfront Park, Detroit River, MI Water quality model simulating bacteria sources and transport Still in development Wind wave modeling to be added 42

43 Coastal Shorelines, Lake Ontario Properties along shore of Lake Ontario experiencing significant flooding, erosion and financial damages as a result of higher and changing water levels. International Joint Commission regulates water levels Objectives: Assess costs associated with flooding and erosion damages Identify properties for nature-based (NBS) solutions Tools: FEPS 43

44 Coastal Shorelines, Lake Ontario Great diversity in shoreline Coastal geology, topography, and bathymetry Shoreline erodibility Building setbacks Financial wealth of property owners 44

45 Coastal Shorelines, Lake Ontario IJC Water Level Regulation Plans Range in Expected Average Annual Economic Impact By Use Million USD Coastal (FEPS) to -0.1 Commercial Nav to Hydropower to Rec. Boating to IJC, International Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study Board. Options for Managing Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River Water Levels and Flows: Final Report to the International Joint Commission. March

46 Coastal Shorelines, Lake Ontario Flood Erosion Prediction System (FEPS) model developed to evaluate the influence of lake level fluctuations on erosion processes and the associated economic damages Higher water level regimes result in accelerated shoreline erosion Low water levels also exacerbate damage through erosion of the toe of the bank Pairing of FEPS data to identify properties more conducive to nature-based (NBS) solutions 46

47 Don River, Toronto, Lake Ontario As part of the Don River mouth naturalization and Port Lands Flood Protection Project, flood and wave modeling were performed to assess the feasibility and impact of restoration alternatives. Objectives: achieve naturalization of the mouth of the Don River, and to provide flood protection to allow for the redevelopment of the surrounding lands Tools : MIKE21, SWAN 47

48 Don River, Toronto, Lake Ontario MIKE21/MIKE FLOOD Hydrodynamic Model 2-dimensional fine-scale unstructured grid Proposed design bathymetry simulated in model to ensure surrounding lands do not flood. 48

49 Don River, Toronto, Lake Ontario MIKE21/MIKE FLOOD Hydrodynamic Model Simulations helped inform naturalization and revitalization design decisions based on extent of flooding, velocities and shear stresses. 49

50 Don River, Toronto, Lake Ontario SWAN Wave Model Fine-scale rectilinear grid (1m x1m resolution) Simulated wind-driven waves originating from Toronto Harbor Simulated boat generated waves within the channel 50

51 Don River, Toronto, Lake Ontario SWAN Wave Model Wind-driven waves under 100 year storm event Wind direction directly into naturalized channel Waves dissipate fairly quickly within channel 51

52 Don River, Toronto, Lake Ontario SWAN Wave Model Boat generated waves Waves simulated perpendicular to shoreline Waves can reach up to 2m in height when accounting for reflection from opposite dock wall but dissipate before reaching inland shore 52