Chapter 17 Ballistics By the end of this chapter you will be able to:
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1 Chapter 17 Ballistics By the end f this chapter yu will be able t: Explain the differences between a handgun, a rifle, and a shtgun Describe rifling n a gun barrel and hw it affects the flight f the prjectile Explain barrel size and caliber 1 All Rights Reserved Suth-Western / Cengage Learning 2012, 2009 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
2 Chapter 17 Ballistics By the end f this chapter yu will be able t: Describe hw bullets are test fired and matched Discuss the rle f ballistics recvery and examinatin at a crime scene Determine the psitin f the shter based n bullet trajectry 2 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
3 Intrductin Ballistic evidence helps explain: What type f firearm was used The caliber f the bullet The number f bullets fired Where the shter was lcated Whether a weapn was fired recently If a firearm was used in previus crimes 3 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
4 Histry f Gunpwder and Firearms Chinese invented gunpwder ver a thusand years ag Muzzle-lading matchlcks used wicks t ignite the gunpwder Flintlck weapns used a spark frm a chip f flint 4 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
5 Percussin firing weapns Cartridge hlds bullet, primer pwder, gunpwder Hammer hits primer pwder which ignites the gunpwder Breech lading is faster than muzzle lading. 5 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
6 Lng Guns and Handguns 6 Lng guns Rifles fire bullets Shtguns fire pellets (sht) r a single prjectile (slug) Handguns Pistls are fired with ne hand Revlvers have a cylinder that hlds usually six cartridges Semi-autmatic 10 cartridges int a magazine/clip. Fires ne bullet per pull f trigger Autmatic fires repeatedly as trigger is pulled
7 7 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
8 8 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
9 9 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
10 10 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
11 Firearms and Rifling Grves and ridges (lands) in the barrel f a gun prduce the twisting that adds accuracy This leaves a pattern n the bullet that is unique 11 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
12 Bullets, Cartridges, and Calibers Cartridge a case that hlds a bullet, primer pwder, and gunpwder The bullet, usually f metal, is ut frnt with the cartridge, hlding the primer and prpellant pwders, behind. 12 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
13 Hw a Firearm Wrks 1. The firing pin hits the base f the cartridge, igniting the primer pwder The primer pwder sparks thrugh the flash hle t the main prpellant supply Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
14 Hw a Firearm Wrks 3. The pressure f the explsin pushes the bullet frm the casing int the barrel The bullet fllws the lands and grves spiraling ut f the barrel Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
15 Caliber f the Cartridge Caliber a measure f the diameter f the cartridge In hundredths f an inch Cmmn calibers include.22,.25,.357,.38,.44, and.45 Why shuld the caliber f ammunitin match the firearm that shts it? If they d nt match, what culd g wrng? 15 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
16 The Study f Bullets and Cartridge Casings 16 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
17 Matching bullets Gun is test-fired int gel r water. Desn t damage bullet Markings are cmpared t suspect s weapns, bullets, casings. 17 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
18 Marks n the Spent Cartridge Casings 18 Firing pin marks appear n the rim r center f the spent cartridge can be used t match a cartridge t a firearm Breechblck marks prduced when the cartridge casing slams backward and strikes the breechblck Extractr marks and Ejectr marks Only in semi-aut and autmatic weapns Small scratches Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
19 19 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
20 20 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
21 21 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
22 22 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
23 23 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
24 Ejectr marks 24 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
25 Gunsht Residues Gunsht Residues (GSR) Particles f unburned pwder and traces f smke Leave traces n the hand, arm, face, hair, r clthing f the shter and/r victim Chemical testing can detect residue even if remval is attempted Distance frm victim t shter can be determined by examining the residue pattern n the victim 25 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
26 Bullet Wunds 26 Can shw what happened during the crime Was the victim running away? Entrance wunds are smaller than exit wunds Skin stretches as bullet enters As bullet mves thrugh the bdy it cllects tissue Fibers may pint in the directin the bullet mved GSR fund near entrance wunds Muzzle may burn skin if gun was clse Small caliber bullets tend t remain ldged in the bdy Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
27 Trajectry Tw reference pints are needed t define the trajectry Investigatrs can figure the shter discharged the firearm smewhere alng that line 27 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
28 Trajectry Reference pints can be bullet hles in bjects r victims An entry pint and exit pint n a victim Gunsht residue r spent cartridge casings Lasers can trace a straight-line path t determine the psitin f the shter 28 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
29 Trajectry and Gravity Bullet s path is slightly curved Gravity pulls it dwnward as the bullet mves frward Wind can affect trajectry Bullet can hit ther bjects and ricchet 29 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17 Diagram is highly exaggerated
30 Determining the Lcatin f the Shter Building is 60 feet away alng the hrizn line Bullet hle is 4 feet abve the grund Where is the shter lcated? 30 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
31 Triangulatin B is where the shter is lcated; find the length f BC The Abc triangle has the same prprtins as the ABC triangle Ab Ac = AB AC S r AB = " 23.5" = AB 720" 31 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
32 Triangulatin 32 Using Pythagrean s therem AB 2 = AC 2 + BC = BC 2 BC 2 = BC 2 = BC = (square rt) BC = inches BC = 11.1 feet Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17 We knw that the bullet hle in the seat is fur feet abve the grund, s the shter is 15.1 feet abve the grund
33 Activity 17-1 T find the angle f elevatin, measure the angle f the tw reference pints, then subtract frm 90 Measure the distance frm the bullet t the building 33 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
34 Activity 17-1 Use Law f Tangents t find the height f the shter abve the bullet 34 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
35 Summary.... Ballistics is the study f bullets and firearms. Firearms are divided int tw grups lng guns and hand guns. Fired bullets shw patterns f lands and grves that match the rifling pattern in the barrel. A cartridge cnsists f primer pwder, gunpwder, a bullet and the casing material. The caliber f a cartridge usually is a measure f its diameter. 35 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
36 Summary Investigatrs als check fr firing pin, breechblck, extractr, and ejectr marks. Gunsht residue can help recreate a crime. Using at least tw reference pints, an investigatr can recreate a bullets trajectry and determine where the shter was lcated. Examining bdy wunds can determine where a bullet entered and exited the victim. 36 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 17
Introduction. Ballistic evidence helps explain: o What type of firearm was used. o The caliber of the bullet. o The number of bullets fired
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