Development of Fundamental Movement: Locomotor Skills

Transcription

1 Develpment f Fundamental Mvement: Lcmtr Skills Gallahue, D.L., Ozmun, J.C., Gdway, J.D. (2012). Understanding Mtr Develpment. Bstn: McGraw-Hill. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2012 McGraw-Hill Cmpanies. All Rights Reserved. Lcmtr skills allw individuals t navigate thrugh space r mve their bdy frm ne pint t anther and cnstitute fundatinal skills fr engagement in sprts, games & lifetime activities Lcmtr skills are cnsidered t be mre phylgenetic (cmmn t the species) in nature & develp mre naturally with less need fr frmal instructin & feedback. Running Gallping Skipping Jumping Hpping

2 Frce Prductin: Bdy leans frward Base leg extends 180 degrees at take-ff Oppsite ( r swing) leg drives frward with knee bent Arms flexed 90 degrees & pump in ppsitin t legs Swing Phase: Flight phase After push ff swing leg bends & heel cmes clse t buttcks t shrten lever & speed time t ft cntact Supprt Phase: Heel-t-te r ball f ft landing 12-4 Ttal Bdy 1- Run high guard - Flat fted, wide base f supprt, arms in high guard 2 Run middle guard - Flat fted, arms in middle guard & swing acrss mid line 3 Heel-te (r te) cntact, arms swing in ppsitin t legs, arms extended 4 Heel-te (te) cntact, arms bent t 90 degrees & swing in ppsitin t legs. High heel recvery Individual Task Envirnmental Gender Distance f run Age Develpmental stage f running is predictive f prduct measures (speed) f running perhaps due t increasing bimechanical efficiencies. As children develp cmpetence in running they shuld practice a wide range f running speeds & directins

3 Cncept 12.2 Prcess measures f a fundamental mtr skill describe the pattern f mvement whereas prduct measures examine the utcme f the mvement; althugh related, each tells smething different abut the mvement f the child Smth, fluid rhythmical actin Lead leg stays in frnt Hips, frnt facing Trail leg lands beside r slightly behind lead leg Feet remain clse t surface Knees are flexed slightly while in flight Ability t lead with bth right & left legs in frnt 12-8 Ttal Bdy 1 A blend f a gallp & run, struggle t keep lead leg in frnt 2 Lead leg emerges, trail leg is stiff (freezes the degrees f freedm) 3 Rhythmical, fluid pattern, stays lw t the grund, lead frnt stays in frnt

4 Rhythmical weight transfer & ability t maintain step-hp pattern easily Stays clse t surface Limited vertical cmpnent Limited use f arms as frce prducers Landing & taking ff frm te Ttal Bdy 1- Brken skip - cannt maintain a rhythmical step-hp pattern, ften slw & deliberate r a brken pattern 2 High arms & legs maintains a rhythmical step-hp pattern but with a high vertical cmpnent 3 Rhythmical skip rhythmical step-hp pattern, arms swing in ppsitin t legs, stays lw t surface Preparatry Actin Knees bent & bdy leans frward at hip Arms swing frward & back t generate mmentum Frce Prductin Arms & legs extend frcefully upward & frward Full extensin f bdy (tes-trunk & arms) n take-ff Shulder angle 180 degrees, arms extended At take-ff bdy leans t 45 degree angle Flight Phase As bdy in air arms mve dwn & back Legs mve frward & up with knees bent Landing & Fllw Thrugh Heels reach frward t tuch surface Thighs parallel t the surface Arms extend frward t pull bdy frward Hips travel in an arc

5 Ttal Bdy 1- Braking arms - arms swing backward against bdy. Shrt jump. 2 Winging arms - arms swing frward & sideward (winging). Shrt jump. 3 Arms swing t head - with elbws frward at takeff. Take-ff angle greater 45 degrees. Legs extend. 4 Full bdy extensin cmplete arm & bdy extensin at take-ff, bdy leans 45 degrees. Lng jump Age Individual Task Envirnmental Gender frm age 12 Jumping is a cmplex skills requiring crdinatin, strength & balance. Jumping takes a lng time t develp & weight (strength-t-weight rati) can play a factr in it s develpment Balance effectively n supprt ft Supprt leg fully extends at take-ff & flexes at landing Thigh f nn-supprt leg pumps back & frth with the hp Arms pump in ppsitin t the swing leg s pendular mtin Frward lean f bdy

6 Ttal Bdy 1- Ft in frnt - free ft in frnt f base leg. Arms in high guard. Labred hp. 2 Ft by supprt leg - free ft alngside base leg with knee in frnt. Slight bdy lean & bi-lateral arms. 3 Ft behind supprt leg - free ft behind base leg. Bdy leans frward & hp. 4 Pendular free leg - free leg pumps in pendular actin. Frward bdy lean & ppsitin f arms with hp FMS Assessments Need: Reliability tests that prvide cnsistent scres frm ne testing perid t anther. Validity tests that measure what it claims t measure. Objectivity tests that will give similar results when it is administered by different testers. Cncept 12.5 Assessments can be categrized as nrm-referenced, criterin-references, prductriented and/r prcess-riented Prduct-riented tests utcme f a skill. 3 f 10 catches, threw 20 feet Prcess-riented tests pattern f the perfrmance. Develpmental sequences Nrm-referenced tests cmpare child s skills t similar age, & gender. At 20 th percentile Criterin-referenced tests examine quality f mvement t pre-determined criteria f perfrmance. Hand catch - Yes r N?

7 Cncept 12.4 There is a relatinship between prcess & prduct measures in sme lcmtr skills (running & jumping). As perfrmers mve frm initial, t emerging t prficient patterns f perfrmance (prcess), they are able t apply these bimechanical efficiencies int greater utcmes (prduct) such as speed f run & distance jumped