A Guide to Soil Testing for Organochlorine (OC) Termiticides at Residential Sites in Hawai i

Transcription

1 The Hazard Evaluatin and Emergency Respnse Office (HEER Office) is part f the Hawai i Department f Health (HDOH) Envirnmental Health Administratin, whse missin is t prtect human health and the envirnment. The HEER Office prvides leadership, supprt, and partnership in preventing, planning fr, respnding t, and enfrcing envirnmental laws relating t releases r threats f releases f hazardus substances. A Guide t Sil Testing fr Organchlrine (OC) Termiticides at Residential Sites in Hawai i This brchure is intended t prvide cnstructin r demlitin cntractrs, hmewners, and thers with a general guide t sil testing prcedures fr rganchlrine termiticides (pesticides that were used t cntrl termites) at residential areas in Hawai i. This brchure will discuss hw t make a sampling plan, cllect sil samples, wrk with a labratry t analyze the samples, and evaluate the labratry results. Resurces fr further infrmatin are als prvided. Backgrund Infrmatin Organchlrine termiticides (OC termiticides) are a grup f persistent pesticides that were frmerly used fr termite cntrl in and arund wden structures frm the mid 1940s t the late 1980s. These OC termiticides used in the past include chlrdane, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlr, and DDT. They were used primarily by pest cntrl peratrs in Hawaii s urban areas, but als by hmewners, the military, and cunties t prtect buildings against termite damage. The U.S. Envirnmental Prtectin Agency (EPA) banned all uses f these OC termiticides in the 1970s (fr DDT) and 1980s (fr ther OC termiticides). Chlrdane was the mst widely used OC termiticide in Hawai i. OC termiticides were cmmnly applied directly t sil underneath fundatins and adjacent t building fundatins. They were applied underneath the huse (if accessible) and arund the perimeter f the fundatin fr ccupied structures, r in trenches excavated arund the fundatin, r by injectin thrugh hles drilled next t the fundatin r in the flring at the edge f fundatin walls. In sme cases, OC termiticides have been fund in sil at residential sites abve recmmended safe levels and can remain a significant health cncern unless the cntaminated sil (r expsure t the sil) is remved. Fr infrmatin n the health cncerns assciated with OC termiticides, refer t the HDOH HEER Office website fact sheet: Past Use f Organchlrine Pesticides fr Termite Cntrl in Hawai i: Safe Management Practices arund Treated Fundatins r during Building Demlitin. Hme Fundatin Cnstructin in Hawai i Tw types f fundatins fr hme cnstructin are generally fund in Hawai i: pst and pier and slab n grade. Pst and pier fundatin cnstructin is elevated ff the grund by a few feet r mre, and the hme is supprted by a series f psts installed under the hme and munted t piers r cement blcks that distribute the weight acrss the grund. The psts are munted arund the perimeter f the structure and at key pints in the middle. In slab n grade cnstructin, a large cement pad is pured n the grund t supprt the huse structure and serves as a flr base. Elevated cncentratins f OC termiticides have been reprted t HDOH fr bth types f hme fundatin cnstructin at sites that were built n r befre Residual cncentratins f OC termiticides under slab n grade cnstructin culd be higher than pst and pier cnstructin because the slab may act as a barrier r cap that prtects the sil underneath frm elements that can help t slwly degrade the OC termiticides ver time. This brchure addresses sil sampling techniques fr OC termiticides at bth types f hme fundatin cnstructin. 1 September 2011

2 Abve : Pst-and-pier cnstructin hme and the strage space under a pst-and-pier cnstructin hme. Right: Slab-n-grade cnstructin hme. Planning fr Sil Sampling There are generally tw scenaris fr cnducting sil sampling fr OC termiticides at a residential structure: Scenari 1: Current Hme Occupants Prtectin Hmewner wants an initial screening cnducted t determine the presence r absence f OC termiticides arund the hme fr general health, safety and expsure cncerns. Scenari 2: Demlitin/Cnstructin Cntractr and Future Building Occupant Prtectin Hmewner r cntractr wants an initial screening fr the prtectin f demlitin and cnstructin cntractrs and future site ccupants in the event that the hme is intended fr demlitin and the prperty is t be reused r redevelped. The chance f expsure t OC termiticide impacted sil is different fr each scenari. Fr hme ccupants residing in the hme, expsure may be due t gardening, play, r pet activities near the building fundatin (r under the structure in the case f pst and pier cnstructin). Fr demlitin/cnstructin cntractr r future building ccupants, expsure can ccur when cntaminated material is expsed and mved arund during husing re develpment prjects. During the demlitin prcess, any OC termiticide impacted sil arund r under the structure can becme expsed and in the prcess f grading it may als be spread abut the prperty. This activity puts the demlitin and cnstructin cntractrs at risk f expsure t termiticides in the sil, and future site inhabitants culd als be expsed t the cntaminated sil. Therefre HDOH recmmends assessment fr residual cntaminatin prir t redevelpment f a site where OC termiticides have r may have been applied. If a residence was built in 1990 r later, n a site that des nt have suspect cntaminatin frm histrical use f OC termiticides, then it is nt necessary t sample sil. Hwever, if there is available 2 September 2011

3 infrmatin dcumenting details f histric termiticide use, that infrmatin culd be used t help make decisins n the need fr r lcatins fr sil testing. The lcatin f sil sample cllectin is generally based n the use f the prperty and ptential expsure cncerns. The fllwing sectin will prvide details n hw and where t cllect sil samples based n these cncerns. Multi Increment Sampling and Decisin Units T btain a representative sil sample, HDOH recmmends the use f multi increment 1 sampling. A multi increment sil sample cnsists f 30 t 50 individual sil increments cllected acrss the area f interest, called the decisin unit, that are cmbined t frm ne larger sample fr lab analysis. The individual increments f a multi increment sample are small in size (apprximately half t several tablespns) and are typically cllected with a cylinder shaped tl (sil cring device see sectin n sampling equipment). The individual sil increments shuld be cllected frm randm lcatins spaced smewhat evenly thrughut the entire decisin unit. There is typically a range f OC termiticide cncentratins acrss any given (cntaminated) decisin unit. Cmbining numerus sil increments cllected acrss the entire decisin unit prvides the best strategy t btain a gd estimate f the average cncentratin f OC termiticides in that decisin unit. Tw separate decisin units are typically cnsidered when sampling fr OC termiticides: Perimeter Arund the perimeter f the building fundatin in a narrw strip next t the fundatin and extending n mre than 30 inches ut. Underneath Building Acrss the entire area f the building ftprint. Within each f these decisin units, samples are als generally cllected at tw r mre depth intervals in rder t evaluate cntaminatin acrss the depth interval (r layer). If OC termiticides are present, cncentratins are generally fund within the tp 2 feet f sil, and the highest cncentratins are typically in the 0 6 and/r 6 12 intervals belw grund surface. Samples shuld be cllected frm ne r mre vertical depth znes within the decisin units, such as the 0 6 inch and 6 12 inch vertical depths, r pssibly deeper intervals if testing data frm the 6 12 interval indicates significant levels (see recmmendatins in the summary table). Keeping the depth intervals t n mre than 6 inches helps t imprve the ability t lk at ptential cncentratin differences ver the depth range that OC termiticides may generally be fund, as well as t keep the multi increment samples t a manageable size fr subsequent prcessing by the labratry. Increments cllected frm each unique depth interval are cmbined int a multi increment sample fr that particular depth interval (e.g. all increments frm the 0 6 inch deep interval are cmbined int ne multi increment sample, all increments frm the 6 12 inch deep interval are cmbined int a separate multi increment sample, etc., and labeled fr that specific depth). The at depth interval samples can be cllected frm the same randmly lcated sample lcatins as the initial surface sample (i.e. 0 6 inch interval), as lng as the sampling methd des nt mix up the sil frm ne vertical increment t the next. In sme cases rcky r dense sils prhibit easy cllectin f sil samples t depth with a sil cring device and a clean shvel r trwel is needed t dig dwn t a specified depth at each increment lcatin, where the sil cring device (r trwel if necessary) is then used t cllect the desired sil interval. In the case where the building will be demlished and remved befre sampling ccurs, the sil arund the fundatin perimeter (ut away frm the frmer exterir f the huse at least 3 feet) and the sil under the frmer huse shuld be left as undisturbed as pssible. Dragging significant amunts f sil away frm these areas culd cntaminate utlying r additinal areas where the sil is relcated. 1 Multi increment sampling is a registered trademark f Envirstat, Inc. 3 September 2011

4 Table: Summary f Recmmended Sample Cllectin Based n Scenari Scenari Expsure Cncerns Recmmended Sample Cllectin Current Hme Regular utdr activities such as Cllect tw multi increment samples frm Occupants Prtectin Nte Building t remain intact gardening, play, pet activities, r areas with edible prduce, near the building fundatin (r under the structure in the case f pst and pier cnstructin) within the exterir fundatin perimeter 1 (next t the fundatin and extending n mre than 30 inches ut frm the building perimeter): ne at a depth f 0 6 inches belw grund surface, and ne at a depth f 6 12 inches belw grund surface³. Demlitin/Cnstructin Cntractr and Future Hme Occupant Prtectin Nte Site t be redevelped and structure may be demlished Re develpment f site expses OCtermiticide impacted sil arund r under the structure thrugh the demlitin prcess and in the prcess f grading, may be spread abut the prperty. Cllect tw multi increment samples frm the exterir fundatin perimeter 2 (right t the fundatin and extending n mre than 30 inches ut frm the building perimeter): ne at 0 6 inches, and ne at 6 12 inches belw grund surface³. Cllect tw multi increment samples frm under the building (in the crawl space) r frm the frmer building ftprint area: ne at 0 6 inches and ne at 6 12 inches belw grund surface³. Ntes: 1 Perimeter sample increments may nt need t be cllected n all sides f the building fundatin. Cllect sample increments frm sides that are expsed (i.e. nt cvered by shrubbery, mulch, etc. near building) and where it s pssible fr building ccupants t cme in direct cntact with the sil. If the sil is expsed n all sides f the building, then cllect samples frm all sides. 2 These sample increments shuld be cllected frm all sides f the building since the building will be demlished and any shrubbery, mulch, etc. will likely be remved as part f the demlitin/cnstructin prcess. ³ Deeper sil intervals may need t be cllected and tested in the event the 6 12 inch depth interval shws termiticide residues abve applicable Actin Limits. Cnsideratins fr Sampling Slab n Grade Fundatins Sampling underneath a slab n grade fundatin is apprpriate when the slab is planned t be demlished as part f a site redevelpment prject 2. Sampling befre demlitin wuld require use f a cncrete cring device t drill 30 t 50 hles distributed acrss the entire slab ftprint. These hles wuld then be used t access the sil underneath with the use f a hand sil cring device r ther apprpriate tl t cllect multi increment samples at the 0 t 6 inch depth and 6 t 12 inches depth belw the slab. Use f a cncrete cring device is high hazard, intrusive wrk and shuld be cnducted nly by a trained prfessinal such as a demlitin r cnstructin cntractr r ther cntractr that has been hired t prvide the service. If a structure still remains and it will be inhabited fr any time after the cring and sampling, the cring hles shuld be refilled with cncrete after sampling. If the structure will remain vacant until demlitin, refilling the cring hles is nt necessary. Alternatively, if the slab is brken up and remved frm the huse ftprint area befre sampling (fr example, the cncrete is stckpiled nearby), multi increment samples f the sil in the slab ftprint and fundatin perimeter area culd be cllected with a hand sil cring device at the 0 t 6 inch depth and 6 t 12 inch depth belw grund surface. Nte that if the slab is brken and remved frm the huse ftprint, the sil underneath the slab shuld be left as undisturbed as pssible. Dragging significant amunts f sil away frm the ftprint in the slab remval prcess culd cntaminate the truck, cntainer, r area where the cncrete is relcated. Figures 1 3 n the next tw pages depict the sampling scenaris discussed in this sectin. 2 If the slab will remain in place, it will prvide prtectin frm expsure t ptentially OC termiticide impacted material underneath, in which case sub slab sampling is nt necessary. 4 September 2011

5 5 September 2011

6 Cllecting Sil Samples This sectin prvides infrmatin n sampling equipment, prcedures fr sil sampling, guidelines fr precisin f data cllected, and recmmended health and safety precautins fr sil sampling. Sampling Equipment The majrity f supplies necessary t cnduct sil sampling may be purchased frm a lcal hardware r ther lcal retail stre (see equipment list). A quality hand sil cring device r sil prbe shuld be purchased frm an apprpriate tl, agricultural equipment, r envirnmental equipment retailer. (The majrity f this equipment is rdered thrugh the Internet; search generally fr sil sampling tls t find vendrs.) One prtin f the cre wall is generally cut away frm the sil prbes that helps the sampler t push ut the sil cre cllected with a clean tl r glved finger. Stainless steel sil cring devices, if available, are mst desirable t prevent rusting ver time, but many f the cring devices are available nly in steel. A 0.75 t 1 inch diameter cring tl is recmmended. Sil cring tls with ft bar assists r slide hammer assists are als available and may be mre effective where sils being sampled are dense r rcky. Use f hand trwels r shvels and pick axes fllwed by a cring device r hand trwels may be necessary in sils where the cring devices cannt be utilized effectively. If hand trwels are used t cllect sil samples, the samples shuld be cllected in a vertical cre like shape t the extent pssible, rather than a wider r scp like shape. Cncrete cring equipment may be rented r the service may be cntracted. T lcate a cncrete cring vendr, search the Internet r check the yellw pages under Cncrete Breaking, Cutting, Sawing, Etc. Abve A 7/8-inchdiameter sil cre sampler that is a sampling device with a T-Handle. It may be used t cllect sil samples t depths f 12 t 24 inches. 6 September 2011

7 Equipment List Hand sil cring device (mst effective in sfter sils). Als available with step n side bars r slide hammers t assist driving deeper int mre dense sils. Stainless steel r aluminum trwel (elngated shape best t cllect cre like shape samples) Cncrete cring equipment (required fr sub slab samples nly, when sub slab will nt be remved befre sampling underneath) Small flags r stakes and flagging tape t mark bundaries f the exterir building decisin units Galln size re sealable plastic bag (such as a Ziplc) Galln bucket t carry sample cllectin bags Tape measure Permanent felt tip marker (such as a Sharpie) Nitrile glves Paper twels Nn phsphate sap (such as Simple Green) Galln f distilled water Scrub brush Ntebk and pen r pencil Cler and several punds f cubed ice r ice packets Optinal: digital camera General Prcedures fr Cllecting Sil Samples The fllwing are general prcedures t use when cllecting sil samples fr all scenaris discussed in this brchure (see Sectins 3 and 4 f the n line HEER Office Technical Guidance Manual fr mre infrmatin n identifying decisin units and multi increment sil sampling, This prcess is fr the cllectin f ne multi increment sample: (1) Befre any subsurface wrk begins, knw the lcatin f all utilities, buried and verhead, and avid wrk in these areas. (2) Cntact the labratry where samples will be analyzed befre samples are cllected. See Labratry Analysis sectin belw. (3) In the ntebk, make a sketch f the lt. Include a ftprint sketch f the structures, utilities, and ther ntewrthy features. Shw the decisin units (DUs) t be sampled in the sketch. Label the DUs with a unique sample ID #. (4) Mark ut decisin unit fr the exterir fundatin perimeter strip with small flags r stakes with flagging tape. Measure dimensins f the decisin unit with the tape and nte n the sketch. (Optinal) Use the digital camera t take phtgraphs f the areas t be sampled. (5) Clean all sampling equipment using nn phsphate sap; thrughly rinse equipment using distilled water; and dry using clean paper twels. Als wear clean glves when sampling. (6) Use the felt tip permanent marker t label the galln size re sealable plastic bag. Yur label shuld include the fllwing infrmatin: date, cllectr s full name, sample identificatin number (ID), depth interval t be cllected, and area r decisin unit t be sampled. An example f the sample bag label is prvided belw. Save recrded infrmatin in the ntebk fr future reference. Date: Sept. 1, 2011 Cllectr: Maile De Sample ID: A1 Depth: 0 6 inches Sample Area: Exterir building perimeter strip arund huse, within 30 inches f exterir walls Tp Cllectin f sil sample with sil cre sampler equipped with a T-Handle. Bttm Sil increment depsited int labeled Ziplc bag. 7 September 2011

8 (7) Each f the 30 t 50 increments (fr a specific depth interval) shuld be cllected directly int the labeled galln Ziplc bag. A galln sized bucket can be used t supprt the bag while the increments are cllected. (8) Seal the plastic bag. Then, place the sample bag inside anther re sealable plastic bag and securely seal the secnd bag. Make sure the label n the inside bag is visible thrugh the utside bag, r add label infrmatin n the exterir bag as well. This prcess f duble bagging the sample will help t ensure the integrity f the sample. (9) Fill the cler with ice and place the sample bag in the cler. Avid immersin f the samples in (melted) ice during strage in the cler. Once placed n ice, it is imprtant t keep the samples chilled until they are received by the labratry (a temperature abut 40 degrees Fahrenheit r 4 degrees Celsius is preferred). Additinal Sampling t Determine the Precisin f the Data Cllected It is generally desirable t cllect mre than ne multi increment sample in the same decisin unit and at the same sil depth t dcument just hw precise the residue data are in a given decisin unit (fr example, a ttal f three multiincrement samples in ne decisin unit). These additinal samples cllected in the same decisin unit are called replicates. Typically, replicates are cllected in just ne f the number f decisin units n a particular huse site, and the data btained regarding precisin are applied t all the decisin units at the site. When replicate samples are cllected, the same decisin unit and sample depth as an initial multi increment sample is used, hwever, the 30 t 50 increments are cllected in separate lcatins thrughut that decisin unit than the initial multi increment sample (in ther wrds, nt right beside initial samples. The replicate samples are labeled as separate samples (different ID numbers) when they are sent t the labratry fr analysis. Cmparing replicate sample data prvides a measure f the variatin in the residue cncentratins fund in a decisin unit, as well as any variatin caused by the sample cllectin prcess and the sample prcessing and analysis by the labratry. A desirable gal in sil sampling fr cntaminants is t demnstrate that replicate sample data varies by nly 35 percent r less. If the replicate sample data is highly variable (e.g. mre than 50 t 75 percent), it may indicate that residue cncentratins fund are unreliable fr making decisins n the degree f hazard that may be present r fr decisins n cleanup methds. Replicates can be cllected as part f the initial sample plan (usually in the decisin unit believed t be mst likely cntaminated) r at any time in the future, assuming the same decisin unit area and sil depth are still knwn and accessible. Replicate data can be especially imprtant in situatins where the cncentratin f OC termiticides fund are clse t the applicable state Actin Levels that trigger identificatin f a significant hazard r need fr subsequent actin. If that is the case, the amunt f variability dcumented by cllecting replicates culd help determine if the cncentratins fund are abve r belw the applicable state Actin Limits. Recmmended Safety Precautins 3 fr Sil Sampling Cmmn sense safety precautins are necessary t prtect the cllectr frm ptential expsure t OC termiticidecntaminated sil. The primary rutes f expsure include accidental ingestin f termiticide cntaminated sil and, t a much lesser degree, inhalatin f dust frm the sil. The Department f Health recmmends the fllwing precautins t prevent expsure t sil: Wear clean glves while sampling. Plastic glves made f nitrile are preferred, but vinyl r latex plastic glves are acceptable. Wear prtective clthing (lng sleeve shirt and pants) t reduce expsure t sil n skin that culd be transferred unintentinally t the muth. A prtective paper mask (N 95 type, with tw elastic straps) shuld be wrn if airbrne dust is present. Wrking with cntaminated sil may result in residues n yur clthing. Change clthes and shwer after yu wrk with the sil, and avid spreading dirt frm clthes r shes int yur vehicle r huse. 3 These safety precautins are fr sil sampling nly. It is assumed that nly a prfessinal will cnduct the high hazard wrk described in this guide such as cncrete cring. Additinally, it is assumed that these prfessinals are knwledgeable f all the safety prtcls assciated with this wrk. 8 September 2011

9 Wash hands and face thrughly after yu wrk in sil near the building fundatin, especially befre meals and snacks. Labratry Analysis A prfessinal labratry will be needed t analyze the multi increment sil samples. All cmmercial labratries qualified fr this type f sil analysis in Hawai i are lcated n O ahu. If yu live n an island ther than O ahu, shipping the samples will als need t be crdinated with the labratry selected. Selecting and Wrking with a Labratry It is best t identify and cmmunicate with the labratry befre yu begin any sil sampling. There are labratries in Hnlulu that ffer analysis f sil fr rganchlrine termiticides and ther envirnmental cntaminants. Search the internet r check the yellw pages under Labratries Analytical fr labratries that may be able t analyze the samples. The HDOH HEER Office can als be cntacted fr infrmatin n selecting a labratry. Labratries in Hawai i shuld be generally familiar with the HDOH HEER Office guidance fr analyzing multi increment sil samples fr OC termiticides. Hwever, it is imprtant t nte that yu have multi increment samples fr analysis per HEER Office prtcls t make sure the labratry will fllw thrugh with the crrect sil prcessing and sil subsampling prcedures fr analysis. The fllwing is a checklist f key pints t request frm the labratry: Cnduct the required chemical analysis fr the suite f rganchlrine termiticides (see subsectin belw) Prcess and sub sample the samples using prtcls in the HEER Office Technical Guidance Manual. These prtcls include air drying the entire sample, sieving the entire sample t the less than 2 millimeter particle size, multi increment sub sampling f the entire sieved sample, and an analysis mass f at least 10 grams. Fllw prcedures fr delivering and packaging r shipping the samples Specify requirements fr shipping samples frm an island ther than O ahu Expected duratin t wait fr results t be available (the turn arund time ) Delivery methd fr results (many labratries can send results electrnically and als in the mail) Cst estimate Other recmmendatins r requirements n the part f the labratry Cntaminants t Include in Labratry Analysis Sils samples shuld be analyzed using standard EPA Labratry Methd This methd includes analysis fr all rganchlrine termiticides that are f cncern. As nted in the backgrund infrmatin sectin at the beginning f this brchure, chlrdane was the mst widely used OC termiticide in Hawai i. Therefre, when yu request analysis frm the labratry, specifically request analysis f technical chlrdane using standard EPA Methd Als instruct the labratry t reprt any additinal rganchlrine termiticides, including aldrin, dieldrin, DDD, DDE, DDT, heptachlr, and heptachlr epxide. Cst Estimates fr Labratry Analysis Csts can vary between labratries. The preparatin methd and turn arund time als have an impact n the cst. Typically labratries can have a 24 hur, 48 hur, and 5 day turn arund time. A shrter turn arund time will yield a higher cst. Generally csts can range frm $150 t $225 fr prcessing and analysis f each multi increment sil sample fr all the rganchlrine termiticides using standard EPA Methd Requesting a cst estimate frm the labratry befre sampling can help yu t decide n the number f samples that may be feasible t cllect and analyze. 9 September 2011

10 Evaluating Sil Sampling Test Results The HDOH HEER Office has established screening levels r envirnmental actin levels fr OC termiticides. The analytical results fr the sil samples can be cmpared against the HDOH HEER Office screening levels t evaluate whether the OC termiticides are at levels that warrant additinal evaluatin r actin t avid health cncerns. OC termiticide residues at levels ver the HEER Office screening levels d nt mean that a health hazard necessarily exists, but rather that a health hazard culd exist and further evaluatin r actin is necessary t address the situatin. Further evaluatin culd include cnsideratin f the magnitude f the residues ver the screening level alng with evaluatin f the ptential fr yu t be expsed t the cntaminated sil. The table belw prvides the screening levels fr the OC termiticides cvered in this guide, as f September 2011 (always check the HEER Office website t ensure yu have the mst current screening levels). Levels are reprted in units f milligrams (f cntaminant) per kilgram (f sil), r mg/kg, which is the same as parts per millin, r ppm. Table: Screening Levels fr OC Termiticides Organchlrine Termiticides Screening Level (mg/kg) Aldrin Technical Chlrdane 16.0 DDD 2.0 DDE 1.4 DDT 1.7 Dieldrin Endrin Heptachlr 0.11 Heptachlr epxide The HDOH HEER Office may be cntacted fr assistance in interpreting analytical results fr OC termiticide residues. In additin, the HDOH HEER Office is interested in cmpiling results f sil OC termiticide analyses frm acrss the State f Hawai i. It is at the discretin f the prperty wner t share results with the HDOH HEER Office. Accumulated analysis data can aid the HEER Office in identifying areas where residents need t be alerted t ptential elevated levels f termiticides and ways t avid expsure. Dispsing r Managing Sils Cntaminated abve Screening Levels If sil sampling reveals OC termiticide cntaminatin abve the HDOH HEER Office screening levels, the HEER Office can be cntacted fr guidance regarding ptins fr ff site dispsal f the cntaminated sils r n site management f cntaminated sils t prevent r reduce the ptential fr expsure. Any dispsal ptins need t be clsely crdinated with the lcal landfill and landfill regulatins. Landfills typically require additinal testing t evaluate the leaching ptential f sil cntaminants and whether the sil is apprpriate fr burial r pssible use as cver fr trash. Sme landfills will accept sils with lwer level cntaminatin fr use as cver, and therefre d nt charge typical landfill dispsal fees. Onsite management ptins fr cntaminated sils fcus n ways t cver the sil s ptential expsure t residents r pets is eliminated. These methds culd include cvering cntaminated sil with clean sils and landscaping with nn edible plants, cvering cntaminated sils with hard surfaces such as cncrete r asphalt, r cvering with ther materials and maintaining the cver ver time s expsure des nt ccur. With any n site management cntrl f cntaminated sils, the ability t ensure lng term maintenance f the cver is imprtant, as well as apprpriate disclsure t ptential buyers f the prperty. Fr questins abut this fact sheet r further infrmatin, cntact: Hawai i Department f Health, Hazard Evaluatin and Emergency Respnse Office, Telephne: (808) , Website: This brchure was created with assistance and funding frm USEPA s Regin 9 Superfund Divisin 10 September 2011