MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY KARCHESY6. formulation applied by backpack sprayer. Backpack sprayer. of conventional synthetic acaricides.

Transcription

1 Two Nturl Products, Nootktone Crvcrol, to Ability Ixodes scpulris Amblyomm mericnum (Acri: Suppress C. DOLAN, 1'2 ROBERT A. JORDAN,3 TERRY L. SCHULZE, 3'4 CHRISTOPHER j. SCHULZE, MARC CORNELL MANNING,5 DANIEL RUFFOLO,5 JASON P. SCHMIDT, JOSEPH PIESMAN, MARK Econ. Entomol. 102(6): (2009) We evluted bility nturl, plnt-derived cricides nootktone ABSTRACT to -<50% t 28 d postppliction. Agst A. mericnum nymphs, 1% nootktone ws less decled but t 5% concentrtion, level control ws similr or greter to tht observed with effective, scpulris through 21 d postppliction. Initil pplictions 0.05% crvcrol were effective, but L 5% crvcrol formultion completely suppressed nymphs both species through 2 d resulted significnt reduction I. scpulris A. mericnum nymphs through d postppliction, spryer pplictions 5% nootktone to shrub litter lyers resulted respectively. 100% control I. scpulris dults through 6 d, but level reduction decled to 71.5% t 28 d By contrst, high-pressure pplictions 2% nootktone to litter lyer resulted postppliction % suppression both L scpulris A. mericnum nymphs through 42 d, wheres much control ws obted from sme formultion pplied by bckpck spryer. spryer lower 3.1% nootktone nnoemulsion resulted % reduction I. ppliction A. mericnum nymphs, respectively, t 1 d postppliction. Between 7 d 35 d scpulris level control vried between 57.1% 92.5% for I. scpulris between 78.5 postppliction, 97.1% for A. mericnum nymphs. bility nturl products to quickly suppress mt control popultions se mediclly importnt ticks t reltively low concentrtions significnt represent future lterntive to use conventionl syntic cricides. my United Sttes cidence Lyme disese contues to crese. In pst 5 yr, n disese >20,000 cses hve been reported nnully, verge number reported Lyme disese cses wheres Vector-Borne Infectious Diseses, Ntionl Center for Division Vector-Borne Enteric Diseses, Centers for Disese Zoonotic, Prevention, Public Helth Service, U.S. Deprtment Control Humn Services, 3150 Rmprt Rd., Fort Colls, CO Helth uthor, e-mil: mcd4@cdc.gov. Correspondg NJ L. Schulze Ph.D., Inc., 9 Evergreen Court, Perreville, NJ Terry BioDesign LLC, 4630 Sorrel Lne, Johnstown, CO Legcy 6404 Ḋeprtment Wood Science Engeerg, Oregon Stte University, Corvllis, OR Sy, serves s prcipl vector B. scpulris Norst lso trnsmits burgdorferi gents humn bbesiosis humn grnulocytic custive nplsmosis (Piesmn et l. 1987, Lne et l. 2002, Hyes Piesmn 2003, Doln et l. Kitron 2004). pproches hve been ttempted to reduce Vrious cidence by limitg humn exposure to - disese ticks. In evlutg effectiveness eductionfected terventions, Hllmn et l. (1995) reported MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY Ixodide) Lyme Disese Endemic Are New Jersey AND JOSEPH KARCHESY6 crvcrol to suppress Ixodes scpulris Sy Amblyomm mericnum (L.) (Acri: Ixodide). formultions 1 5% nootktone pplied by bckpck spryer to forest litter lyer Aqueous suppressed I. scpulris nymphs through 2 d. refter, level reduction grdully completely KEY WORDS Ixodes scpulris, Amblyomm mericnum, nootktone, crvcrol, tick control disese, cused by spirochete Borreli burgdorferi, Lyme is most commonly reported vector-borne reched n ll-time high 27, (CDC 2008 ). Goodmn et l. 1996, Stfford et l. 1999). In 1991, loclly symptric much more g- ddition, gressive lone str tick, Amblyomm mericnum (L.), nymphl stge blcklegged tick, Ixodes trnsmits gent humn monocytic ehrlichi0sis my serve s vector for severl or emergg pthogens (Childs Pddock 2003, Mix- tick-borne et l. 2006, Apperson et l. 2008). Developg son tht re effective environmentlly c- strtegies for control se vector ticks hs becomceptble n importnt public helth issue (Stfford Freehold Are Helth Deprtment, Municipl Plz, Freehold, tht lthough 84% prticipnts were wre t

2 Report Documenttion Pge Form Approved OMB No Public reportg burden for collection formtion is estimted to verge 1 hour per response, cludg time for reviewg structions, serchg existg dt sources, grg mtg dt needed, completg reviewg collection formtion. Send comments regrdg this burden estimte or ny or spect this collection formtion, cludg suggestions for reducg this burden, to Wshgton Hedqurters Services, Directorte for Informtion Opertions Reports, 1215 Jefferson Dvis Highwy, Suite 1204, Arlgton VA Respondents should be wre tht notwithstg ny or provision lw, no person shll be subject to penlty for filg to comply with collection formtion if it does not disply currently vlid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE DEC REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED to TITLE AND SUBTITLE Ability Two Nturl Products, Nootktone Crvcrol, to Suppress Ixodes scpulris Amblyomm mericnum (Acri: Ixodide) Lyme Disese Endemic Are New Jersey 5. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) U.S. Deprtment Helth Humn Services,Centers for Disese Control Prevention, Public Helth Service,3150 Rmprt Rd,Fort Colls,CO, PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR S ACRONYM(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public relese; distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT see report 15. SUBJECT TERMS 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR S REPORT NUMBER(S) 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT. REPORT unclssified b. ABSTRACT unclssified c. THIS PAGE unclssified Sme s Report (SAR) 18. NUMBER OF PAGES NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Strd Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18

3 Stge treted/control Formultion % (AI) g/m Diluent (liters) NWSE Nymph 2/2 Nootktone 75 g 1.0/ g d-limonene 37.5 g EZ-Mulse 2 2 Crvcrol g Nymph C 1.9 g Clmide 2/2 Nootktone 378 g 5.0/ Adult 189 g d-limonene 189 g EZ-Mulse NWSE Nymph 5/5 Nootktone 568 g 5.0/ g EZ-Mulse 5/5 Crvcrol 568 g 5.0/ Nymph C 568 g Clmide Soy HM-9114 oil 568 g Vegetble NWSE Nymph 5/5 Nootktone 152 g 2.0/ g d-limonene 75 g EZ-Mulse 5/5 d Nootktone 152 g 2.0/ Nymph 75 g d-limonene 75 g EZ-Mulse Nymph 5/5 Nootktone 237 g PLP oil 369 g Corn 863 g Trnscutol E1 811 g Cremophor 5/5 Nootktone 237 g 3.1/ Nymph oil 369 g Corn 863 g Trnscutol EL 811 g Cremophor to percentge ctive gredient mixture only, before diluent beg dded. Refers Nvl Wepons Sttion Erle, Coltsneck, N NWSE, Perreville Lke Prk, Perreville, N PLP, control plots were divided to 100-m core 100-m edge plots. Treted one precution to reduce exposure to ticks, only lest reported tkg ny precution. refore, ctul 43% tick popultion my be more effective reduction mitigtg trnsmission risk (Hyes et l. 1999, Piesmn 2003, Piesmn Eisen 2008). Hyes chemicl control directed gst host- Conventionl ticks hs proven to be most relible mens seekg suppressg tick popultions (Stfford Kitron Schulze et l. 2005, 2008). brod-scle ppliction 2002; re-wide pesticides, however, is not ccepted due to growg public concerns widely dverse environmentl effects ((sberg 1994, bout 1994, Schulze et l. 2001b, Gould et l. Schmidtmnn Community surveys conducted four north- 2008). sttes (Connecticut, Msschusetts, New Jerseyestern New York) reveled tht <25% residents used cricides on ir properties to control hve (Piesmn 2006, Schulze et l. 2007). In contrst, ticks l. 1997). In subsequent study, Pnell et l. (2005) et dividul compounds tht comprise isolted High Pressure essentil oil AYC discovered mny com- cludg nootktone crvcrol, hd cricidpounds, ctivity > 10 times tht essentil oil. militry fcility locted centrl Monmouth Erle, NJ, served s tretment site for four trils County, between In 2008, fifth tril conducted conducted t Perreville Lke Prk, locted ws Monmouth County, N Symptric popultions western I. scpulris A. mericnum exist both (Schulze et l. 1997, 2005b, 2007). forest loctions t NWS Erle site used for trils gst cnopy L.), chestnut ok (Quercus prus L.). rubr shrub lyer consist sprse cover understory dults is n erly successionl forest with scpulris cnopy consistg blck cherry (Prunus se- sprse December 2009 DOLAN ET AL.: An_T OF NOOTKATONE AND CARVACROL TO SUPPRESS Tc:s 2317 Tble 1. Formultion summry for pplictions selected nturl products nootktone crvcrol ( ) Appliction/100 No. plots Yr Loction Method study presents results field trils conducted current durg to test efficcy severl plnt-derived cricides nootktone formultions crvcrol gst I. scpulris A. mericnum. Mterils Methods Site Description. Nvl Wepons Sttion (NWS) is domted by pitch pe (Pus rigid nymphs white ok (Quercus lb L. ), red ok (Quercus Mill.), splgs domnt cnopy species, seedlgs (Smilx rotunifoli L. ), highbush blueberry greenbrier mjority residents climed y would consider ticks if lterntives to conventionl chem- controllg control were vilble. icl cricides my provide one such ltern- Botnicl Lbortory biossys usg stem-distilled extrcttive. from Alsk yellow cedr (AYC), Chme- nootktensis (D. Don) Spch, were found to be cypris ctive gst subdult I. scpulris (Pnell biocidlly corymbosum L.), huckle berries (Gylussci (Vccium spp.). site used tril gst /.

4 2318 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 102, no. ), sssfrs (Sssfrs lbidum [Nuttll] Nees), L. ok. shrub lyer is domted by greenbrier white splgs seedlgs cnopy species, long ptches highbush blueberry, huckle berries, with were pplied durg ech 3 yr nootktone wheres crvcrol ws only pplied 2006 study, In , 98.5% nootktone crystls North Bergen, NJ) were dissolved 93% (Frutrom, n ll nturl, biodegrdble solvent d-limonene, extrcted from ornge peels (Florid Chemicl Co., Hven, FL) dded to spry tnk contg Wter wter 95% EZ-Mulse, proprietry blend nonionic surfctnts used to emulsify terpene-specifi compounds, citrus extrcts, nturl oils (Flor- Chemicl Co., Wter Hven, FL). solution id thoroughly mixed immeditely pplied. In ws 2008, "nnoemulsion" formultion contg In food grde corn oil (Kg Soopers nootktone Fort Colls, CO) ws developed by Legcy Kroeger, BioDesign, LLC (Lovel, CO) by usg 1:1 (lso known s or diethylene glycol monoethyl er) crbitol 18703CEO, Sigm-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) (btch rtio (Shfiq-un-Nbi et l. 2007). oil/cosurfctnt) resultg nnoemulsion fcilittes dissolvg wter-soluble compound n oil phse poorly distributg tht oil throughout vehicle. n crvcrol formultions consisted 95% crvcrol (TCI Americ, Portl, OR) 92% Clmide prepred from highly refed coconut oil used s n C, detergent, stbilizer (Pilot Chemicl emulsifier, Red Bnk, NJ). For ll pplictions, premix Co., dded to wter spry tnk, mixed, ws plots t NWS Erle were treted nootktone-treted SP2 spryers (mximum 80 psi) hlf were usg usg truck-mounted, high-pressure (mximum, treted 600 psi) spryer. All nnoemulsion plots t Per- Lke Prk were treted usg SP2 spryers. reville directed gst nymphs t NWS Erle Applictions mde on 31 My 2006, 30 My 2007, 2 June were wheres ppliction t Perreville Lke 2008, ws conducted on 1 June ppliction Prk I. scpulris dults ws performed on 1 No- gst 7,,: 7, 7,,: rot Ehrh.), estern redcedr Juniperus virg grsses. Perreville Lke Prk site is forest with mixed cnopy clud- mid-successionl blck cherry, sssfrs, blck locust (Robi g L.), red mple (Acer rubrum L.), pseudocci sprse sweetgum (Liquidmbr styrciflu L.). shrub lyer is comprised seedlgs understory splgs domnt cnopy species greenbrier. Applictions. Selected formultions Acricide d-limonene ws not cluded formultion 2007, 1). (Tble rtio surfctnts trnscutol EL (Polyoxyl 35 Cstor Oil ([USP/NF]) cremephor 037L0213, Sigm-Aldrich) mixed (btch 1:5 (corn pplied. immeditely , ll nootktone crvcrol p- In were mde usg SP2 Knpsck Spryers plictions Systems, Snt Monic, CA). In 2008, hlf (SP

5 December 2009 DOLAN ET AL.: ABILrr ov NOOTKATONE AND CARVACROL TO SUPPRESS TICKS Number questg I. scpulris dults (men -+ SD) collected t tretment control plots (n 2 ech) t NWS Erle, Tble Neck, NJ, before fter nootktone ppliction October-November 2006 Colts _ _ _ 7.8 H 9.52; df Untreted 18; P , c (100%) 0c (100%) 0c (100%) 4.0 _+ 1.4b 1.0b,c (68.5%) b H 15.50, df Nootktone (70.4%) (71.5%) 8, 18; P < 0.05 (5.0%) were smpled 3 times: October 2006, Pretretment dult bundnce not significntly different between control tretment Plots (Mnn-Whitney test: U 13.00; df 6, 6; P 0.42). plots control (modified Henderson's eqution). Percentge row followed by sme letter re not significntly different (Kruskl-Wllis test). Mens exct specifictions for ech ppliction vember re summrized Tble 1. Design. experimentl design for Experimentl itil 2006 pilot study corported two 100-m pired tretment untreted plots for both formultions However, despite creses c- gredient, 2007 results contued to show tive residul control host-seekg ticks, suggest- lck eir recolonizg spryed plots from surroundg res or filure to dequtely tret litter known to move substntil distnces re- to cert environmentl cues (Schulze et l. sponse 2001). We monitored movement ticks 1997, treted by cresg size plots t to plots from 100 to Erle (14.14 by m) m NWS lower lef litter t time sequestered we used two pproches to enhnce pen- ppliction, litter column. At NWS Erle, we compreetrtion bckpck spry pplictions with pplictions usg mde truck-mounted high-pressure spryer, required three times mount diluent to which full coverge plots. At Prreville Lke chieve we used only bckpck spryers, but doubled Prk, diluent hlf plots, orizg tht mount extr volume would help to more fully sturte column (Tble 1). litter Smplg. Plots were treted smpled dur- Tick pek ctivity periods I. scpulris A. g nymphs L scpulris dults (Schulze mericnum l. 1986). Wer conditions permittg, plots were et to be smpled three times before ech p- scheduled t h postppliction, t weekly pliction, refter ll yers. Plots were smpled tervls combtion drggg wlkg survey usg conducted by sme dividuls be- techniques hours on dys when vegettion tween dry wd speed ws <10 kph (Gsberg ws Ewg 1989, Schulze et l. 1997). entire surfce plot ws smpled ech time. Drgs coverlls ech exmed t 10-m tervls, ll ticks dherg were drgs coverlls were counted returned to to respective plots. Rre smples Dermcentor ir eir Mnn-Whitney U tests or Kruskl-Wllis usg (Sokl Rohlf 1981). Seprte Kruskl-Wllis tests were used to compre tick bundnce between tests smplg dtes for tretment con- postppliction plots. An lgebric vrition Henderson's trol ws used to clculte percentge control method on cricide-treted plots: 100 (T/U 100), ticks T U re men fter tretment/men where tretment treted plots untreted plots, before (Henderson Tilton 1955, Mount et l. respectively Results Trils. Numbers host-seekg I. scpulris 2006 A. mericnum nymphs did not differ between untreted plots before cricide pplic- treted (Kruskl-Wllis tests: H 2.46; df 2,18; P 0.29 tion H 3.07; df 2,18; P 0.22, respectively) (Tble Appliction 1% (AI) formultion nootktone 2). to forest lef litter gst I. scpulris nymphs pplied 100% control, reltive to untreted plots, resulted 2 d 88% control fter 10 d. Observed control fter stedily refter s numbers questg decled begn to decle untreted plots. nymphs ppliction chieved 88.1% control A. mericnum sme nymphs fter 1 d provided no suppression host-seekg A. mericnum nymphs fter 2 d. An 0.05% (AI) crvcrol seemed to hve ppliction scpu- or A. mericnum nymphs. lris bundnce I. scpulris dults ws Pretretment significntly different between control tretment not plots (Mnn-Whitney test: U 13.00; df 6, 6; 0.42) (Tble 3). Appliction 5% (AI) formultion P nootktone pplied to forest shrub lyer host-seekg I. scpulris dults November gst to provide 100% control for 7 d control seemed 68% for 28 d. exceeded Loction Pretretment Dys posttretment Kruskl-Wllis d 2 d 6 d 15 d 21 d 28 d testb by 10 m) plots spced ->30 (10 prt ech for m crvcrol with pired controls. After nootktone Sy were not cluded nlysis. vribilis Anlysis. Pretretment comprison Sttisticl results 2006 trils, we cresed reviewg mount ctive gredient (AI) number I. scpulris A. mericnum bundnce mde host-seekg between tretment control plots ws column. Although I. scpulris does not seem to ex- significnt lterl movement (Flco Fish hibit Goddrd 1993), more ggressive A. meri- 1991, cnum is All sttisticl tests were performed usg 1976). nlysis pckges (SttSt 2005). STATISTICA centrlly locted 100-m core 100-m plots were smpled seprtely. To border effec- more tively tret ticks tht re not questg my be little or no suppressive effect gst eir I.

6 2320 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 102, no, Trils. Numbers host-seekg I. scpulris 2007 did not differ between treted untreted nymphs before cricide ppliction (Kruskl-Wllis plots H 3.77; clf= 2, 45; P 0.15). However, re tests: significntly fewer A. mericnum nymphs t were plots before pplictions (H 9.48; df 2, crvcrol 100% control, reltive to untreted plots, resulted 2 d. Observed control fell to 79.2% fter 14 d fter stedily s numbers host-seekg nymphs decled treted plots did not differ from pretretment effect nootktone p- seemed to be more successful gst A. plictions nymphs, chievg 100% control fter 2 d mericnum >95% control fter 14 d (Tble 4). Nymphl rebounded to twice pretretment lev- bundnce fter 28 d. Appliction 5% formultion els lso provided 100% control I. scpulris crvcrol fter 2 d, with >85% control provided fter nymphs d. Numbers host-seekg nymphs remed re- 21 reltive to pretretment bundnce fter 28 d. duced crvcrol ppliction provided 100% control A. nymphs fter 2 d (Tble 4). Numbers mericnum A. mericnum seemed to rem host-seekg re- fter 14 d but recovered to numbers exceedg duced levels fter 21 d. pretretment Trils. At NWS Erle, we found no significnt 2008 bundnce host-seekg I. scpulris difference cricide ppliction (Tble 5). Appliction before 2% (AI) formultion nootktone to forest lef by usg bckpck spryers resulted 100% litter I. scpulris core res treted plots control 1 d, but level control dropped to 82.1% fter fter d, reboundg somewht to 84.5% fter 14 d. Trends In contrst, bckpck spryerpplied observed nootktone resulted 96.6% control A. nymphs core res treted plots mericnum 1 d, but observed levels control dropped to fter fter 7 d 53.3% fter 14 d (Tble 6). 80.8% n crese numbers A. mericnum Becuse untreted plots, re seemed to be nymphs rebound control fter 21 d, but levels remed fter 28 d. <50% ppliction sme 2% (AI) formultion by high-pressure truck-mounted spryer nootktone substntilly better control both species provided scpulris nymphs re- between % t 42 d postppliction med 5). Similr results were observed control (Tble mericnum, with 100% control observed fter 1 d A. control rngg between % through- postppliction study period (Tble 6). out found no significnt difference tick numbers We core border res t eir bckpck between or high-pressure spryer-treted plots t ny time durg trils. It seemed tht movement ticks VVV VV P < 0.01) (Tble 4). Appliction 5% (AI) 45; nootktone gst I. scpulris nymphs formultion bundnce fter 21 d ; df 2, 60; P 0.34) or A. mericnum (H (H df 2, 60; P 0.82) nymphs between tretments 0.39; levels control seemed to be similr to those much longer period. After 1 d, we collected no over scpulris nymphs from high-pressure spryer- I. treted plots control I.

7 5. Men +-- SD number I. scpulris nymphs collected t treted control plots t NWS Erle, Colts Neck, NJ, My-June Tble before fter ppliction nootktone (2.0%) by usg bckpck high-pressure spryers 2008 d 7 d 14 d Tretment Border Core Border Core Border Core Border Core d 28 d 35 d 42 d 21 Border Core Border Core Border Core Border Core ,b 4.8 +/- 5.3,b 5.8 (73.4%) (60.9%) (52.8%) +/ / / / /- 3.9 H 31.33; df 15, 90; 12.6 < 0.01 P +/- 2.6,b 4.6 +/- 1.9,b ,b ,b 2.2 +/- 1.g,b H 47.26; df 15, 90; 4.6 (41.0%) (61.6%) (77.4%) (59.1%) P < 0.01 (60.7%) +/- 0.7,b,c 0.2 -_- 0.4b,c 1.4 +/- 0.9,b,c 0c (100%) 0.6 +/- 0.g,b,c H 71.38; df 15, 90; 1.0 (98.1%) (88.3%) (88.3%) P < 0.01 (92.6%) (cludes 100-m Core re surrounded by seprtely smpled 100-m border re). re re five romly ssigned plots Plots/200-m tretment. per +/- SD two smple dtes; no significnt difference between tretments (H 2.17; df 2, 60; P 0.34) before pplictions. Men sme row followed by sme letter re not significntly different (Kruskl-Wllis test). Mens control, fter Henderson's eqution: 100 (T/U 100), where T U re men fter tretment/men before tretment Percent plots untreted plots, respectively. treted surroundg res plyed no pprecible prt from decle observed levels control eir tick bckpck spryer-treted plots (Tbles 5 species 6) t Perreville Lke Prk, re ws no In difference bundnce host-seekg significnt scpulris (H 1.74; df 2, 30; P 0.42) or A. I. (H 1.91' df 2, 30; P 0.38) nymphs mericnum tretments before cricide ppliction between 7). Appliction 3.1% nootktone nno- (Tble formultion, mde usg emulsion wter diluent produced % liters host-seekg I. scpulris nymphs, respectively, control fter 1 d (Tble 7). Control decled sub- fter 7 d. re seemed to be no difference stntilly efficcy gst I. scpulris nymphs between 2008, before fter ppliction nootktone (2.0%) by usg bckpck high-pressure spryers d 7 d 14 d Tretment Border Core Border Core Border Core Border Core / b 2.4 +/- 2.9,b / / (88.2%) (80.8%) (35.9%) (53.3%) (96.6%)c d 28 d 35 d 42 d 21 Border Core Border Core Border Core Border Core _ / / / / (4.0%) (44.6%) (0%) (36.6%) (67.5%) (100%) 1.4 +/- 2.1b,c 0.4 +/- 0.5b,c 1.8 +/- 1.3b,c 0.2 +/- 0.4b,c 0c (99.3%) (94.4%) (99.6%) (96.5%) 10.5,b 8.6 (50.5%) +/- 0.9b,c 0.4 (97.5%) +/ / / H 16.86; df 15, 90; P +/ / / H 20.03; df 15, 90; 41.0 (48.8%) (0%) P 0.17 (0%) +/- 3.6b,c 0c (100%) 2.2 +/- 2.9b,c H 62.04; df 15, 90; 2.8 (91.6%) P < 0.01 (91.6%) (cludes 100-m core re surrounded by seprtely smpled 100-m border re). re re five romly ssigned plots per Plots/200-m tretment. +/- SD two smple dtes; no significnt difference between tretments before pplictions: H 0.39; df 2, 60; P Men sme row followed by sme letter re not significntly different (Kruskl-Wllis test). Mens control, fter Henderson's eqution: 100 (T/U 100), where T U re men fter tretment/men before tretment Percentge treted plots untreted plots, respectively. December 2009 DOLAN ET AL.: ABILITY OF NOOTKATONE AND CARVACROL TO SUPPRESS TICKS 2321 Pretretment Dys posttretment Untreted 9.4 +/ / / / / / _ _ / b (100%) 0.4 +/- 0.9b 3.2 +/- 2.2,b ,b 2.6 +/- 1.5,b ,b (82.1%) (89.5%) (84.5%) (78.9%) (94.9%) ,b _ 3.S,b Oc (100%) Oc (100%) 0.4 +/- 0.9b,c 1.2 +/- 1.S,b,c 0.4 +/- 0.9b,c b,c High-Pressure (92.2%) (98.3%) (97.8%) (98.4%) Kruskl-Wllis test 14.8 _ / /- 5.5 Oc (100%) Oc (100%) Oc (100%) Tble 6. Men -+ SD number A. mericnum nymphs collected t treted control plots t NWS Erle, Colts Neck, NJ, My-June Pretretmenff Dys posttetment Untreted / / _ / / / / / /- 19.4,b Oc (100%) 0.2 +/- 0.4b,c 1.2 +/- 2.7b,c 0.6 +/- 0.9b,c 1.2 +/- 1.6b,c High-Pressure (98.3%) (97.5%) (96.2%) (98.9%) Kruskl-Wllis test / / /

8 2322 JournAL OV ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 102, no. nootktone by usg 7.57 or pplictions wter diluent. Neverless, numbers liters ticks remed significntly depressed ll host-seekg plots through 35 d postppliction (Tble 7). treted nootktone nnoemulsion seemed to be more effective gst questg A. meri- somewht nymphs, providg >96% control ll cnum plots t 7 d postppliction (Tble 7). Ag, treted rtes diluent seemed to hve no difference different efficcy. Although numbers host-seekg mericnum nymphs did not vry between smplg A. dtes to degree tht numbers questg scpulris did, very high vribility numbers I. mong tretment plots resulted pprent ticks clculted percentge control vlues fluctution for A. enericnum nymphs. However, numbers host-seekg ticks were significntly depressed treted plots, reltive to untreted plots, ll study period, remg t <50% throughout bundnce observed untreted plots t Discussion trils conducted 2006 suggested tht Results provided excellent short-term control nootktone I. scpulris nymphs dults but tht host-seekg level control decled through 28 d postppliction. Nootktone hd little effect on A. mericnum fter 2 d, wheres crvcrol ws effective nymphs both species. In 2007, five-fold crese gst nootktone did not pprecibly ffect concentrtion level control gst I. scpulris nymphs mrkedly improved level control A. but nymphs. Similrly, substntil - mericnum concentrtion crvcrol resulted crese better levels control both tick spe- considerbly However, we did not observe cceptble residul cies. eir compound beyond 7-14 d postp- ctivity We postulted tht this my hve been pliction. ticks recolonizg treted plots from djcent result res or our filure to dequtely tret untreted litter column. In ltter cse, ny ticks entire portions litter tht were ctive might lower hve been ffected by itil ppliction. As not ticks becme ctive plnt-derived compounds se degrded over time, ticks could become ctive litter surfce ccount for observed t decle level control. However, noot % trils conducted 2008 showed tht horizontktone migrtion ticks to treted plots did not ccount observed decle levels control. Also, use for dditionl diluent lone did not seem to improve Lke Prk resulted levels control Perreville scpulris nymphs similr to those observed er- I. trils. However, bckpck spryer ppliction lier nootktone nnoemulsion t Perreville Lke seemed to improve level control A. Prk nymphs compred with or trils. In mericnum cont.rst, percent control both I. scpulris A.,v4v.vvv d postppliction (Tble 7) control host-seekg ticks. In fct, bckpck residul pplictions nootktone t NWS Erle spryer /

9 nymphs ws substntilly greter plots mericnum vi high-pressure spryer compred with treted spryer-treted plots, providg ->98.1 bckpck control, respectively, for entire 42-d tril. ->96.2% voltile nture botnicl oils both mono sesquiterpene compounds hve been exploited s sources flvor, frgrnce, repellent nturl (Moore et l. 2006). Dietrich et l. (2006) chemicls on repellent efficcy nootktone reported gst nymphl I. scpulris. This repellent crvcrol my hve ccounted for erly tick suppression effect "recovered" tick bundnce bckpck versus plots. high-pressure-treted results se trils suggest tht both noot- crvcrol cn provide reltively quick ktone (1 d) significnt short-term (7-14 d) knockdown scpulris A. mericnum but to hve little residul ctivity when pplied by seem spryer. However, by tretg entire bckpck control throughout nymphl ctivity period, levels similr to those chieved with conventionl cr- (Schulze et l. 2001c, 2005, 2007). se prelimricides trils suggest tht, when pplied with equipment, se compounds my provide proper control without relce on environmentl 10ng-term Coupled with reltive bsence persistence. toxicity (Pnell et l. 1997, 2005) food- mmml nturl products such s nootktone, this feturgrde my provide kd lterntive to conven- cricides sought by public (Piesmn 2006, tionl et l. 2007). Additionl studies clude Schulze or ll nturl botniclly derived identifiction compounds, development testg cidte to provide residul ctivity s well s formultions modes times ppliction for mxi- explorg cricidl efficcy, development lterntivmizg sources or methods production to mke Acknowledgments thnk Tom Gentile, Ry Green, Eric elms, John We (NWS Erle) Ken Thomn (Monmouth County Buble System) for contued support. We thnk Gbrielle Prk (CDC, DVBID, Fort Colls, CO) for technicl Dietrich screeng Legcy BioDesign formultions ssistnce ctivity. current reserch ws supported by contrct for ( M-18716) between Centers for Disese Prevention Terry L. Ph.D., Inc., Control Agreement (1U01CK ) between Coopertive for Disese Control Prevention Freehold Centers NJ, fundg wrded to Mrc C. Doln (CDC, Township, s Rocky Mount spotted fever? Vector-Borne reported Dis. 8: Zoonotic Centers for Disese Control Prevention [CDC] disese-united Sttes, Morbid. Mortl. Lyme Rep. 57: Wkly. E., C. D. Pddock scendncy Childs, mericnum s vector pthogens ffectg Amblyomm humns United Sttes. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 48: G., M. C. Doln, Perlt-Cruz, Schmidt, Dietrich, R. Eisen, Krchesy Repellent Piesmn, frctioned compounds from Alsk yellow ce- ctivity (Chmecypris nootktensis) essentil oil gst dr Ixodes scpulris. Med. Entomol. 43: nymphl M. C., G. O. Mup, B. S. Schneider, C. Dentle, N. Doln, C. Cole, N. S. Zeidner, K. Stfford III Hmon, immture Ixodes scpulris (Acri: Ixodide) Control rodent reservoirs Borreli burgdorferi residen- on community soustern Connecticut. Med. Entomoltil 41: H. S., C. P. Ewg Comprison flggg, Gsberg, wlkg, trppg, collectg ticks from hosts s methods for norrn deer ticks, Ixodes dmmi, smplg lone str ticks, Amblyomm mericnum Acri: Exp. Appl. Acrol. 7: Ixodide) Ecologicl studies Ixodes scpulris Goddrd, Ixodide) centrl Mississippi: lterl movement (Acri: dult ticks. Med. Entomol. 30: L., C. Nelson, B. Vitle, E. Mdign, S. Goodmn, Kurtii, U. G. Munderloh Direct Dumler, custive gent humn grnulocytic cultivtion N. Engl. Med. 334: ehrlichiosis. mong Connecticut residents, prevention Zoonotic Dis. 8: Vector-Borne W., N. Weste, S. Kdki, C. Chess Hllmn, tken gst Lyme disese t three recre- Precutions prks endemic res New Jersey. Environ. tionl 27: Behv. E. B., Piesmn How cn we prevent Hyes, disese? N. Engl. Med. 348: Lyme E. B., G. O. Mup, G. A. Mount, Piesmn. Hyes, Assessg prevention effectiveness locl disese control. Public Helth Mng. Prct. 5: Lyme C. F., E. W. Tilton Tests with cricides Henderson, gst brown whet mite. Econ. Entomol. 48: R. S., Piesmn, W. Burgdorfer Lyme Lne, reltion its custive gent to its vectors borreliosis: North Americ Europe. Annu. Rev. Entomol. hosts : T. R., S. R. Cmpbell, S. Gill, H. S. Gsberg, M. V. Mixson, Reichrd, T. L. G. A. Dsch Prev- Ehrlichi, Borreli, Rickettsil gents Amblyommlence mericnum Acri: Ixodide) collected from sttes. Med. Entomol. 43: ne S., A. Lenglet, N. Hill Plnt-bsed sect Moore, pp In M. Debboun, S. P. Frnces, repellents, Strickmn [eds. ], Insect repellents: prciples, meth- D. ods, used. CRC, Boc Rton, FL. December 2009 DOLAN ET AL.: ABILITY OF NOOTKATONE AND CARVACROL TO SUPPRESS TICKS 2323 control both I. column usg high-pressure spryer, we were litter to demonstrte tht nootktone provided high ble Biol. 8: R. C., D. 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