The investigation of long-term sea level variations at Antalya-I ( ) and Antalya-II ( ) Tide Gauge Stations (Turkey)

Transcription

1 Scenfc Research and Essays Vl 5(), pp -, 8 May, Avalable nlne a hp://wwwacademcurnalsrg/sre ISS Academc Jurnals Full Lengh Research Paper The nvesgan f lng-erm sea level varans a Analya-I ( ) and Analya-II (985-5) Tde Gauge Sans (Turkey) Erdnç Sezen and Tamer Baybura * Deparmen f Gedesy, General Cmmand f Mappng, 6 Dkmev, Ankara, Turkey Deparmen f Survey Engneerng, Faculy f Engneerng, Afyn Kcaepe Unversy, 3 Afynkarahsar, Turkey Acceped 4 March, In hs sudy, qualy cnrl f Analya-I and Analya-II Tde Gauge Sans was realzed by scenfc mehds Seasnal and lng-erm sea level varans were nvesgaed by usng hurly sea level nfrman Seasnal (fr a year and fr half a year) varans, average sea level and sea level velcy were calculaed accrdng he leas squares mehd, wh an equan havng a harmnc funcn mahemacal mdel Separae and n nfrman f Analya-I and Analya-II Tde Gauge Sans were analyzed As a resul, he average sea level velcy f Analya-I ( ) Tde Gauge San was deermned as ± 3 mm/year and he average sea level speed f Analya II (985-5) Tde Gauge San was deermned as 44 ± 7 mm/year Accrdng calculans usng n nfrman, an average sea level velcy fr he perd was deermned as ± mm/year Key wrds: Tde gauge san, sea level varans, de, rend, harmnc analyss ITRODUCTIO Sea level varans are he resuls f evens ccurrng n a mar par f he me scale whch has a range changng frm years secnds The average sea level a he cas, an apprprae me perd fr whch can be defned as ne mnh r ne year elmnae he effecs whch resul frm des and waves, can be defned as he average sea level hegh whch was measured accrdng a fxed reference pn n he land (IPCC, ) These average values are knwn as relave sea level varans snce hey are mble accrdng he cnnen n whch he san s bul These measuremens als nclude he ecnc mvemens f he cnnen Sudden dsplacemens as a resul f earhquakes and heavy ecnc land mvemens caused by sedmenan and precpan have a sgnfcan nfluence n he sea level (IPCC, ) These effecs are separaed frm sea level measuremens and he abslue sea level s baned by means f he gedecally measuremens *Crrespndng auhr E-mal: baybura@akuedur realzed n hese sans As a resul f ndusralzan, he amun f greenhuse gases n he amsphere has ncreased and hs has resuled n an ncrease n he wrld s emperaure, whch s knwn as glbal warmng Due hs warmng, bg ce layers n he Plar Regns dsslve and he amun f waer nng he ceans ncreases By means f he dsslvng f he ce layers, he average glbal sea level ncreased by mre han meers abve ha f he las maxmum ce age, whch was, years ag (IPCC, ) A bg mass ransfer frm he ce layers he ceans caused a sea level rse and mvemens n he earh are cverng (IPCC, ) The emperaure ncrease resulng frm glbal warmng leads mre warmng f he cean surfaces and causes expansn The deermnan f lng-perd rends n sea levels can be pssble by usng lng-perd sea level recrds Especally n he Mederranean regn, a leas 3 years nfrman s necessary fr he deermnan f a lnear perd havng a sandard varan less han 5 mm/year (Zerbn e al, 996) The average sea levels whch were baned frm lng-perd sea level nfrman frm de

2 Sezen and Baybura Fgure Tde gauge sans n Turkey (URL Accessed 7 Jan 8, prepared) gauge sans are used as vercal daa by assumng ha hey cncde wh he geds fr a lng me perd In hs sudy, he mnhly sea level nfrman s baned frm hurly sea level daa gahered frm Analya-I and Analya-II de gauge sans Analg (navgan-guded) recrd values f Analya-I de gauge san, whch was acve beween , analg recrd values f Analya-II beween and acusc (numerc) values beween were cnsdered as numercal npus n he sudy shwn n he map (Fgure ) (hp://wwwhgkmlr/urunler/edezk/- resmler/mage4pg, prepared) Deermnan f de gauge sans lcal daa The carryng ver f de cmpnens whch are measured a a de gauge san dfferen far away gegraphc regns by means f levelng relanshp nes s n hugh be suable In hs sudy, hwever, w dsnc sans whch are 3 km apar frm each her are ned by usng daa relanshp and TUDKA-99 (Turksh anal Vercal Cnrl ewrk) measuremen values by assumng ha hey are n he same regn and have smlar de characerscs Sea level measuremens n de gauge sans are realzed accrdng he de gauge san s lcal daa Fr hs reasn, hese daa have be carred ver he same lcal daa fr use n sea level analyss Lcal daum values dd n sand cnsan fr he Analya-I de gauge san, whch s he frs de gauge san; lcal daa had been changed cnnuusly durng general manenance perfrmed perdcally afer malfuncns and whle devces were unnsalled These changng values had n been kep regularly Fr hs reasn, was fund ha he necessary lcal daa fr prvdng cnnuy f lcal daum values f he san n self have dfferen values n dfferen surces In spe f all he research, here s n ceran resul fr lcal daum values In Fgure, he average mnhly sea level values, whch are he sea level measuremens baned beween a dfferen lcal daum values can be seen (he arrws sgnfy mpran changes as shw n Fgure ) Lcal daum values deermned by dealed nvesgans ver dfferen surces are balanced wh he leas squares mehd and subeced sgnfcance ess f daa negry whch were baned frm lcal daum values whch are cnsdered sgnfcan and prvde he ms apprprae daa cnnuy; hese are cnrlled accrdng he

3 Sc Res Essays 3 ATALYA-I ( ) MOTHLY AYLIK DEIZ SEA SEVIYESI LEVEL 5 Denz Sea Sevyes Level Zaman Tme Fgure Mnhly sea level varans f Analya-I de gauge san ( ) accrdng changng lcal daum values Table The lcal daum values a Analya-I de gauge san Tme nerval Lcal daum ( ) 4938 ( ) (9 ) (7 ) (9 ) 3955 ( ) (8 ) (7 ) (8 ) (8 ) (8 ) 963 (7 ) (8 ) 8977 (7 ) 33 esmaed daa fr he same perd If sea level me seres are assumed be crdnae me seres, a mahemacal mdel f a hrw whse me s knwn can be wren as (Wllams and Teferle 3; Wllams 3): h = Z Where = + a + χ + ε ( ) ff x < ff ff Z : Average sea level, a : Trend, χ ff ε x ( : Thrw quany (ffse), ) : Errr Accrdng hs, he desgn marx (A) and unknwn vecr ( ) are as fllws Fr each hrw a new clumn wll be added marx A and wll ake place n he X vecr as unknwn: A =, x = ( Z, a, χ ) In Table, lcal daum values deermned a Analya-I de gauge san fr dfferen () me nervals are gven The daa relanshp defned beween he w sans and Analya-I de gauge san s hurly sea level values are cmbned by ransfrmng Analya-I de gauge san s n Analya-II de gauge san s lcal daa and by usng lcal daum values deermned fr Analya-I de gauge san In Fgure 3, he mnhly sea level daa fr Analya-I de gauge san ( ) and n ff T

4 Sezen and Baybura 3 6 ATALYA-I ( ) AYLIK MOTHLY DEIZ SEVIYESI SEA LEVEL 6 ATALYA (935-5) AYLIK MOTHLY DEIZ SEA SEVIYESI LEVEL Denz Sea Sevyes Level 3 Denz Sea Level Sevyes Zaman Tme Zaman Tme Fgure 3 Analya-I de gauge san s ( ) mnhly sea level nfrman, whch was defned accrdng he Analya-II lcal daa Analya-I de gauge san (935-5) mnhly sea level nfrman can be seen (Sezen 6) Elmnan f daa and me shfs In he years - 3, he measuremens f Analya-II de gauge san (acusc de gauge san) were recrded n a dgal sysem By means f SLPR sfware, harmnc analyss was perfrmed by usng space less hurly sea level values fr he elmnan f daa and me shfs Rerspecve hurly sea level esman (de esman) was perfrmed fr he years by means f SLPR sfware (Sea Level Prcessng Sfware), by usng he ceffcen baned frm he harmnc analyss Afer hs sage, accrdng he classcal de analyss prcedure (de analyss and esman, qualy cnrl and flerng) whch was defned n SLPR sfware, wll be necessary ban resdual regsres whch cnss f measuremen esman values fr each year and elmnae me and daum shfs by usng hese resdual regsres (IOC 994; Caldwell 998) Hwever, here s a necessy make crrecns snce he recrds f Analya-I de gauge san beween he years are weekly graphcal dagrams and he recrds beween he years are daly graphcal dagrams S, s necessary crrec errrs (daa and me shfs) fr daly and weekly values There s a dffculy n crrecng hese applcans n SLPR sfware snce runs n a yearly bass Fr hs reasn, new sfware was realzed fr hese rune crrecns by usng MATLAB As a resul, he measuremens were debugged frm me and daa shfs and relable hurly nfrman was baned Fnally, mnhly averages were baned by averagng daly averages and daly averages were baned by usng a 9 pn lw frequency fler frm hurly values by usng SLPR sfware Sea level measuremens analyss Relave lnear varans f he average sea level cnss f a cmbnan f lcal (lcal land regressn) r regnal earh shell mvemens, lnear varans f meerlgcal parameers (amspherc pressure, emperaure and wnd effecs), ceanc flws, and lnear varans f sea waer denses and glbal sea level rsng rends (Wdwrh 987) Mnhly sea level measuremens cnss f de, meerlgcal, ceangraphc and hydrlgcal seasnal (fr a year and fr sx mnhs) and lnger perdcal varans The menned perdcal effecs shuld be mdeled apprpraely defne he lnear varans f he sea level wh hgh accuracy The fllwng mahemacal mdel was used n he harmnc analyss measuremens f he average mnhly sea level whch qualfy he qualy cnrl and n relave lnear varan calculans (Teferle, 3): h M = Z + a + A cs( ) = In hs mdel, h : average sea values fr h mnh : mnhs frm begnnng epch (=,,, ), a: lnear rend, Z : average sea level a begnnng epch M: al number f sgnfcan de cmpnens whch

5 4 Sc Res Essays were used n hs mdel : al number f mnhly average values, A, ω, θ : Amplude, angular velcy and phase angle fr h de cmpnen If Frmula (3) s exended; [ cs( ω )cs( θ ) sn( ω )sn( θ )] A cs( ω θ ) = A + A cs( ω θ ) = A cs( ω ) cs( θ ) + Asn( ω )sn( θ ) Here by assumng: A cs(θ ) = B (6) A sn(θ ) = C (7) f ω = π (8) And replacng 3, he equaly wll be, M h = Z + a( ) + B cs(πf ( )) + C sn (πf ( )) = Accrdng hese equans, a he begnnng f he epch, he desgn marces (A) and he unknwn s vecr (x) wll be as fllws Tw new clumns wll be added he A marces fr each perdcal effec and wll ake place n he vecr as unknwn (Teferle, 3): A = sn(πf ( )) sn(πf ( sn(πf ( sn(πf ( )) )) )) cs(πf ( )) cs(πf ( )), cs(πf ( )) cs(πf ( )) σ C = σ σ 3 Here, (9) h: mnhly sea level measuremen, : mnh number (,, ), : he number f years whch has mnh nfrman (,, ), M: yearly averages, Y: mnhly anmales, MA: average mnhly anmales, The symbls, s he yearly average f mnhly sea level measuremens s (4) (5) Deermnan f seasnal effecs T nvesgae yearly and sx-mnhly effecs, hese effecs were deermned by means f samplng by usng mnhly sea level nfrman fr a year whch has he cmplee welve mnhs nfrman nsead f cmplee nfrman usng mnhly averages M = h = Mnhly anmales whn he year σ Z a χ = B C Afer balancng by means f he leas squares mehd, ceffcens (B), (C), amplude and phase angle fr each perdcal cmpnen wll be fund by: A B + C = and C θ = arcan B Sascally; measuremens are assumed be nrmally dsrbued, hus, ndependen frm each her and equally weghed S, varance and c-varance marces fr he measuremens are as fllws Y = h M Frm here, average mnhly anmales can be fund by he fllwng equales MA = Y = () Yearly and sx-mnhly seasnal effecs ampludes A Sa and A Ssa and phases P Sa and P Ssa can be deermned frm he fund average mnhly anmales by means f leas square balancng and he harmnc mdel MA A π cs P () + A π cs P 6 = Sa Sa Ssa Ssa In he mahemacal mdel abve, = -5 s cnsdered

6 Sezen and Baybura 5 5 ATALYA-I ( ) MEVSIMSEL SEASOAL ETKILER EFFECTS 5 ATALYA-II (985-5) SEASOAL MEVSIMSEL EFFECTS ETKILER 5 Denz Sea Sevyes Level 5 Denz Sevyes Sea Level January Ocak February Suba March Mar san Aprl Mays Hazran June TemmuzAguss July Augus SepemberOcbervember Eylül Ekm Kasm December Aralk January Ocak February Suba March Mar san Aprl Mays Hazran June TemmuzAguss July Augus SepemberOcbervember Eylül Ekm Kasm December Aralk Fgure 4 Seasnal effecs n Analya-I and Analya-II de gauge sans Table Ampludes n Analya-I and Analya-II de gauge sans fr mnhs Analya Cmplee year Jan Feb March Aprl May June July Augus Sep Oc v Dec I II fr he Ma average mnhly anmaly whch cmes n he mddle f he mnh, whch s equal he h mnh The phases f yearly and sx-mnhly seasnal effecs (P Sa and P Ssa ) becme w year and w half-year sgnals and wll be equal maxmums f he mnhs, respecvely,[- 6, 6] and [-3, 3] mnhs The seasnal effecs fr Analya-I and Analya-II de gauge sans can be seen n Fgure 4 and amplude values can be seen n Table The mnmum waer level n Analya-I de gauge san s 85 mm n Aprl; he maxmum waer level wh a 8 mm rse was seen n Augus The mnmum waer level fr Analya-II de gauge san s mm n March and he maxmum waer level fr Analya-II s mm n Augus (Sezen 6) Mdelng f ne year r lnger perdcal effecs T mdel ne year r lnger perdcal effecs, ndal (863 year perd), pergee (8847 year perd), Chandleran ( year perd), yearly ( year) and half a year (5 year perd) de frequences were used (Vancek 978) Snce here s a 5º 7 angle beween he mn s raecry plane and ellpcal plane, hese planes nersec Bh planes secn s called he ndes lne The pns whch nersec he sun s vsble rb are called he lunar nde The nde lnes are n fxed and make a precessn mvemen f 93548º fr he year whse perd s 86 years (Fgure 5) Lkewse, he neares pn f he mn s rb f he earh (hs s he pergee pn) has a precessn mvemen f 8847 years One urn f he earh s plar axs arund s average psn whch s equal years s called a Chandleran perd The mnhly sea level measuremen rends, whch are balanced by he leas squares mehd and debugged frm yearly and lnger perd effecs, were deermned by he mahemacal mdel n equan 9 n whch he frequences are placed T deermne he napprprae measuremens, durng he balancng Ppe es a α = 9 sascal relably level (Tau es) was used Balancng was cnnued eravely unl here was n napprprae measuremen Explanans wh regard he Tau es are gven belw (akplu and Demr ): τ r m; α / τ m; α σ ^ ^ r Afer elmnang he napprprae measuremens, he balancng prcess cnnued and all unknwns were subeced a sgnfcance es (-es) a a α = sascal cnfdence level (Kch, 987) If bh cmpnens f a de are fund be nsgnfcan durng hs es, he /

7 6 Sc Res Essays Fgure 5 Mn s nde pns and precessn Fgure 6 Mnhly sea level value rends fr Analya-I and Analya-II de gauge sans relaed cmpnen s remved frm he frequency ls snce s cnsdered nsgnfcan fr mnhly sea level measuremen mdelng If ne ceffcen f he de s fund sgnfcan and he her nsgnfcan, ha de cmpnen s cnsdered sgnfcan and lef n he mdel In hs sudy, frs f all, each san was evaluaed ndependenly whn s wn peran perd Varans n sea levels were explcaed whn her wn perd by usng nfrman beween fr Analya-II Tde Gauge San and nfrman beween fr Analya-I de Gauge San (Sezen, 6) The resuls baned afer balancng are gven n Fgure 6 and parameer values are gven n Table 3 When hurly sea level value nfrman fr Analya-I and Analya-II Tde Gauge Sans are cmbned, n he frs nvesgan a rend change can be seen begnnng frm he early 96s The sea level, whch expresses a psve rend unl 96, expresses a negave rend endency unl 99 The rend fr he perds fr Analya de gauge san s 3 ± 7 mm/year; afer 96 he rend had becme 38 ± 5 mm/year fr he perds (Fgure 7)

8 Sezen and Baybura 7 Table 3 Parameers whch were deermned by harmnc analyss n Analya-I and Analya-II de gauge sans Parameer Analya-I Resul Analya-II Resul a ± 3 Sgnfcan 44 ± 7 Sgnfcan B 86 ± 45 Sgnfcan 6 ± 47 Sgnfcan 86 year C 3 ± 44 Sgnfcan -7 ± 58 Sgnfcan 88 year year year 5 year B 8 ± 43 Sgnfcan Insgnfcan C 75 ± 44 Sgnfcan Insgnfcan B 3 43 ± 43 Insgnfcan 5 ± 44 Insgnfcan C 3 96 ± 43 Sgnfcan -86 ± 44 Sgnfcan B 4 44 ± 43 Sgnfcan -4 ± 44 Sgnfcan C 4 67 ± 43 Sgnfcan -735 ± 44 Sgnfcan B 5 33 ± 43 Sgnfcan ± 44 Sgnfcan C 5 99 ± 43 Sgnfcan 5 ± 44 Sgnfcan Fgure 7 Mnhly sea level rends relaed he and perds fr Analya de gauge san In he sudes realzed fr Analya-II de gauge san, rends relaed and were nvesgaed Accrdng he nvesgan resuls, whle a 57 ± mm/year rend was deermned fr he perds, n sgnfcan rend was deermned fr he perds (Sezen, 6) The resuls relaed hs sudy can be seen n Fgure 8 Fnally, lng-perd sea level varans are nvesgaed n he cmbned Analya de gauge sans (935-5) Afer hs sage f he sudy, Analya-I and Analya-II de gauge sans wll be called Analya de gauge san The seasnal effecs fr Analya de gauge san can be seen n Fgure 9 and Table 4 The mnmum sea level can be seen n March wh an 89 mm decrease frm he average and he maxmum sea level can be seen n Augus wh a 3 mm rse abve he average (Sezen, 6) Afer hs pracce, seasnal (fr ne year and fr sx mnhs) and lnger perd effecs were elmnaed fr he cmbned Analya de gauge san (935-5); he mnhly sea level rend was fund be ± mm/year fr he 935 epch (Sezen, 6) The resuls relaed hs nvesgan are gven n Fgure and he parameer values are gven n Table 5 RESULTS AD SUGGESTIOS Afer evaluan, he mnhly sea level measuremen rends f Analya-I de gauge san, whch are

9 8 Sc Res Essays Fgure 8 Mnhly sea level rends relaed he and perds fr Analya-II de gauge san Fgure 9 Seasnal effecs fr Analya de gauge san (935-5) debugged frm a perd f nearly 43 years frm and seasnal effecs, are fund be ± 3 mm/year I can be seen ha hs value s apprprae fr ~3 ± 4 mm/year nerval a he easern Mederranean beween (Tsmpls e al, 5) Als, can be seen ha, hs value s apprprae fr a - mm/year nerval, whch s defned as he glbal average sea level rsng rae fr he h cenury (IPCC ; Zerbn e al, 996) Afer he evaluan f Analya-II de gauge san s daa, mnhly sea level measuremens frm a perd f nearly years, and afer elmnang seasnal and lng perd effecs, he sea level measuremen rends are fund be 44 ± 7 mm/year I can be seen ha hese values are mre han he average glbal sea level rends When Analya-I and Analya-II de gauge sans are negraed n he evaluan, he years 96, 99 and 999 can be seen as break pns fr rend changes Whle a psve rend f 3 ± 7 mm/year can be seen beween , a negave rend f -38 ± 5 mm/year can be deermned fr he perds A pwerful rend f 57 ± mm/year, whch was seen beween , had becme sagnan afer 999, and beween a sgnfcan rend culd n be

10 Sezen and Baybura 9 Fgure Mnhly sea level rend deermned fr he perd a Analya de gauge san Table 4 Seasnal effecs a Analya de gauge san (935-5) Analya Fullyear Jan Feb March Aprl May June July Augus Sep Oc v Dec Table 5 Parameers deermned by means f harmnc analyss n Analya de gauge san (935-5) Parameer Analya Resul a ± Sgnfcan B -3 ± 36 Sgnfcan 86 year C -56 ± 35 Sgnfcan 88 year year year 5 year B Insgnfcan C Insgnfcan B 3-57 ± 35 Sgnfcan C 3 4 ± 35 Sgnfcan B 4-3 ± 35 Sgnfcan C ± 35 Sgnfcan B 5 64 ± 35 Sgnfcan C 5 74 ± 35 Sgnfcan deermned The relanshp beween hese changes n rends and he h waer crculan suan changes and flucuans n he sea level fr a few decades s he key quesn In a sudy realzed by Reher e al (996) n recen daes, sudden salny and a emperaure ncrease was deermned n he easern Mederranean s deep and medum-deph waers Ths sudden change, whch sared n he early 99s, can be based n a ransn f deep sea frman frm he Adrac s sngle surce he Aegean Sea s new sgnfcan regme Hydrgraphc nfrman frm he easern Mederranean Sea shws ha he deep sea surce fr he las cenury s he Adrac Sea (Vg e al, 5) A new mdel had ccurred n hs cenury when a new surce called he Temprary Easern Mederranean Surce was fund n he Aegean Sea beween (Reher e al, 996) Afer a few cld wners, he Adrac Sea agan became cmmed he rle f beng he deep sea surce n he perds Relaed he reurn he suan befre he Temprary Easern Mederranean Surce, regnal pwerful sea level anmales were repred (Vg e al, 5) A sharp rend change whch was seen n Analya-II de gauge san n 999 can be explaned wh hs frman Ths change was deermned by nvesgans made n he Black Sea and Alanc cass by Tsmpls () Afer he cmplee evaluan f he mnhly sea level

11 Sc Res Essays Table 6 Average sea level velces (ASLV) whch are deermned a ceran perds n Analya de gauge san San Perd ASLV Speed (mm/year) Analya I ± 3 Analya II ± 7 Analya (cmbned) ± Analya I ± 7 Analya I and Analya II ± 5 Analya II ± Analya II (There s n sgnfcan velcy) nfrman fr Analya de gauge san n he perds, he mnhly sea level rend, whch was debugged frm lng-erm and seasnal effecs, n he 935 epch, was fund as ± mm/year Ths can be seen as less han he glbal sea level rsng values The Mederranean Sea can be hugh f as an nland sea, and he Mederranean Sea s general crculan mdel has sgnfcan changes beween years and, especally afer 99, he changes n he deep sea surce regmes have an nfluence Als, snce here s n nfrman fr he years , durng whch he san was nacve, here s a lack f nfrman negry s he mdel was affeced negavely Besdes, he subsun f meerlgcal nfrman n he mahemacal mdel whch s absen and he deermnan f he abslue sea level changes by means f nvesgang earh shell mvemens by GPS are evaluaed prvde mre sgnfcan resuls The resuls whch were baned frm hs sudy are gven n Table 6 REFERECES Caldwell P (998) Sea Level Daa Prcessng On IBM-PC Cmpable Cmpuers Versn 3 (Year Cmplan), anal Oceangraphc Daa Cener and Unversy f Hawa Sea Level Cener, Hnlulu, Hawa IOC (Inergvernmenal Oceangraphc Cmmssn) (994) Manual On Sea Level Measuremen and Inerpreaın, Vlume II - Emergng Technlges, UESCO IPCC (Inergvernmenal Panel n Clmae Change) () Clmae Change : The Scenfc Bass, Publshed By The Press Syndcae f The Unversy f Cambrdge, Uned Kngdm, Chaper (Changes n Sea Levels) Execuve Summary, Techncal Summary Kch KR (987) Parameer Esman and Hyphess Tesng n Lnear Mdels, Sprnger- Verlag, ew yrk akplu M, Demr C () Adusmen I, Hara Genel Kmuanlıı, Hara Yüksek Teknk Okulu Kmuanlıı, Ankara Reher W, Manca B, Klen B, Bregan D, Gergpuls D, Bezel V, Kvacevc V, Luchea A (996) Recen Change n Easern Mederranean Deep Waers, Scence 7(547): Teferle F (3) Sraeges Fr Lng Term Mnrng f Tde Gauges Usng GPS, Thess submed he Unversy f ngham fr he degree f Dcr f Phlsphy Tsmpls M () Sea level drp n he Mederranean Sea: An ndcar f deep waer salny and emperaure changes?, Gephys Res Le, 7 (): Tsmpls M, Álvarez-Fanul E, Gms, Fengl-Marc L, Pérez B (5) Mederranean Sea level rends: Amspherc pressure D and wnd cnrbun, Gephyscal Res Le, 3: Sezen E (6) Invesgan n sea level varans a Analya-I ( ) and Analya-II (985-5) Tde Gauge Sans, Maser Thess (n Turksh), Afyn Kcaepe Unversy, Afynkarahsar, Turkey URL (8) hp://wwwhgkmlr/urunler/edezk/resmler/mage4pg, (Accessed 7 Jan), prepared Wllams SDP, Teferle F (3) ESEAS CGPS Crdnae Tme Seres Analyss Sraegy, May 3, p Wllams SDP (3) Offses n Glbal Psnng Sysem Tme Seres, J Gephys Res, 8: B63, d:9/jb56 Wdwrh PL (987) Trends n UK Mean Sea Level, Marne Gedesy, : Vancek P (978) The prblem f nse reducn n sea-level recrds used n vercal crusal mvemen deecn, Physcs f Earh and Planeary Inerrs, 7: 65-8 Vg I, Garca D, Cha BF (5) J Marne Res, Vlume 63, umber 6, Change f Sea Level Trend n The Mederranean and Black Seas, pp 85- Zerbn S, Plag HP, Baker T, Becker M, Bllrs H, Bürk B, Kahle HG, Marsn I, Pezzl L, Rcher B, Rmagnl C, Szbryn M, Tmas P, Tsmpls M, Ves G, Verrne G (996) Glbal and Planeary Change, Vlume 4, Sea Level n The Mederranean: A Frs Sep Twards Separang Crusal Mvemens and Abslue Sea-Level Varans, pp -48