Car Following Analysis using GPS Data

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1 Internatinal Research Jurnal f Engineering and Technlgy (IRJET) e-issn: Vlume: Issue: 9 Sep p-issn: Car Fllwing Analysis using GPS Data Gpika Unni 1, Ashalatha R 2 1Assistant Prfessr, Ahalia Health,Heritage & Knwledge Village, Kzhippara, Palakkad,Kerala,India.Pincde Prfessr and Head f the Department f Civil Engineering, Gvt. Cllege f Engineering Kannur, Mangattuparmba, Parassinikkadavu P.O. Kannur 6763 Kerala *** Abstract - A majr element in the evlutin f traffic flw has been the develpment f the car fllwing thery. Car fllwing thery is an imprtant element f traffic mdeling. It describes a theretical interactin f tw r mre cars while driving which is an essential input fr transprt netwrk mdels as it directly implies the time and space they will take up during driving. This in turn will affect the theretical capacity f rads in such mdels. The study n car fllwing dynamics is useful fr capacity analysis, safety research and traffic simulatin. In this wrk, the car fllwing behavir fr distinct lead-fllwing vehicle type cmbinatins is studied. Data was cllected using vehicles equipped with GPS receivers under hetergeneus traffic cnditins. Fur vehicle type cmbinatins were selected by cnsidering car and aut rickshaw as lead and fllwing vehicles. Test vehicles were driven alng tw specified stretches (ne divided stretch and ne undivided stretch) in Trivandrum city. The latitude and lngitude crdinate infrmatin as well as speed and time data fr test vehicles were btained. These data were used t calculate the space headway between the vehicles. Using this data varius analyses were dne and the cnclusins were drawn. The cnclusins frm this prject include the determinatin f relatinship fllwed by spacing and speed f vehicles and the variatin f this relatinship fr different cmbinatin f lead and fllwing vehicles. Additinally this prject allwed identifying whether the hysteresis effect exists in urban cnditins f develping cuntries and t quantify the btained hysteresis. Key Wrds: Hysteresis 1. INTRODUCTION Car fllwing, GPS, Hetergeneus traffic Car fllwing behaviur describes the way ne vehicle fllws anther in a single lane f traffic. The basic cncept f car fllwing thery is that the actins f a vehicle n the rad are gverned by the actins f the vehicle immediately preceding it[7] (Wlshn et al. 2). Car fllwing theries were develped mainly in the 19s and 196s. One f the mst imprtant study in the field f car fllwing was undertaken by the researchers at the General Mtrs Crp. (GM). A number f car fllwing mdels were frmulated by the GM researchers. Since then varius researches were undertaken and different car fllwing mdels were develped. The mdels develped are fr hmgeneus traffic cnditins and fr similar leader and fllwer vehicle-types. Hwever, the type f vehicle can have a significant influence n the fllwing behaviur especially in hetergeneus traffic. Therefre in rder t mdel the car fllwing behaviur under hetergeneus traffic, prper understanding f the car- fllwing prcess in hetergeneus traffic cnditins is required. Attempts have been made by many researchers t mdify the existing car fllwing mdels by incrprating vehicle type specific parameters int them. The present study analyses car fllwing behaviur in hetergeneus traffic cnditins n tw different types f facilities namely, divided and undivided rads in India. 2. OBJECTIVES This study aims at understanding the car-fllwing behaviur f varius vehicle type cmbinatins in hetergeneus traffic cnditins. The main bjectives f this study are: I. T determine whether a distinct car- fllwing behaviur exists fr different cmbinatins f lead- fllwing vehicles under hetergeneus traffic cnditins. II. T determine the variatin f space headway under different cmbinatins f lead- fllwing vehicle types. III. T determine whether hysteresis exists under hetergeneus traffic and if s, t quantify it. 3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Wlshn et al. (2) cnducted a car fllwing study in which Glbal Psitining System (GPS) was used t cllect car fllwing data accrding t the prcedures develped by researchers at Luisiana State University. With the data cllected the numeric values f driver sensitivity and time lag were calculated using the General Mtrs car fllwing mdels. These values were then cmpared t the riginal GM values. The results f this study were fund t be cnsistent with thse f GM research. Shekletn (22) cnducted a car fllwing study at the University f New Suth Wales (UNSW) cmpund, the bjective f which was t address the lack f accurate car fllwing data by using differential GPS fr data cllectin. Car spacing relatinships including hysteresis effects and 218, IRJET Impact Factr value: ISO 91:28 Certified Jurnal Page 319

2 Internatinal Research Jurnal f Engineering and Technlgy (IRJET) e-issn: Vlume: Issue: 9 Sep p-issn: vehicular acceleratin characteristics were analysed. This study prvided ample and accurate car fllwing data that established GPS as an apprpriate tl fr data cllectin in urban areas. This study als prvided a number f valuable cnclusins abut car fllwing, like existence f a linear minimum spacing speed relatinship, existence f a pattern indicating a relatinship between acceleratin and speed characteristics f drivers and that several elements f car fllwing in practice depend n individual r stchastic effects. Tm and Ravishankar (21) cnducted a study in which they presented reviews f the different car-fllwing mdels. The car fllwing behaviur fr distinct lead-fllwing vehicle type cmbinatins were als studied in rder t find the effect f vehicle type n fllwing behaviur. Data was cllected using vehicles equipped with GPS receivers under hetergeneus traffic cnditins. Six vehicle type cmbinatins were selected by cnsidering car, aut rickshaw and bus as lead and fllwing vehicles. Frm the cllected data the desired spacing was calculated, which was fund t be different fr each vehicle type cmbinatin, indicating the existence f distinct car fllwing behavir fr different vehicle cmbinatins. The results suggested that fllwing behavir depended n the type f lead and fllwing vehicle. Hence they suggested incrpratin f vehicle type specific parameters in car fllwing mdels fr hetergeneus traffic cnditins. Ahn (21) cnducted a study in which traffic hysteresis was analysed by studying the speed-spacing relatinship as a vehicle underges deceleratin fllwed by acceleratin due t a stp-and-g disturbance. Instead f bserved spacing, estimated spacing in equilibrium was used t accunt fr cntinuus acceleratins and deceleratins. Findings shwed that reverse hysteresis cases (cunter-clckwise evlutin f speed-spacing relatins) were ften bserved, especially n the fast (left-mst) lane. The study als presented a methd t quantify hysteresis. Hysteresis was measured as the average difference in spacing during acceleratin and deceleratin and this magnitude was fund t be abut a vehicle length ( 2ft) r less and increased tward uter lanes. Tm and Ravishankar (211) in their study mdified the Gipps car-fllwing mdel by incrprating vehicle-type dependent parameters. The mdified mdel was studied at micrscpic as well as macrscpic level using data cllected frm bth hmgeneus and hetergeneus traffic cnditins using different cmbinatins f lead-fllwer vehicle types. The results btained fr the mdified and riginal Gipps mdel were cmpared with the field values and it was fund that the mdified mdel perfrmed better. Thus the results indicate that the mdificatins prpsed in the Gipps mdel enhanced the predictin f fllwing behaviur and suggested the need f incrprating vehicle type specific parameters int traffic simulatin mdels. Tm and Ravishankar (212) further cnducted a study in which a neural netwrk mdel was prpsed t predict the car-fllwing behaviur fr different lead and fllwing vehicle-type cmbinatins. Data fr the study was cllected fr six vehicle-type cmbinatins using vehicles equipped with GPS receivers. A multi-layer feed-frward back prpagatin netwrk was used t predict vehicle-type dependent fllwing behaviur by incrprating the vehicletype as input int the mdel. The neural netwrk mdel was then integrated int a simulatin prgram t study the macrscpic behaviur f the mdel. Perfrmance f the neural netwrk mdel was cmpared with the cnventinal Gipps mdel at micrscpic and macrscpic level. The results revealed that the neural netwrk mdel perfrmed better than the cnventinal Gipps mdel thus suggesting that in mixed traffic cnditins neural netwrks were highly suitable in mdelling car fllwing behaviur. 4. METHODOLOGY The methdlgy includes data cllectin, extractin f the cllected data and analysis f the data in rder t analyse the car fllwing behaviur in hetergeneus traffic cnditins. 4.1 Data Cllectin The mst basic data required fr studying car fllwing behaviur is speeds f the leader and the fllwer vehicles and the space headway between the vehicles. In the present study this data was cllected using Garmin etrex Vista HCx Hand-held GPS. This GPS receiver fitted in the mving vehicles recrded instantaneus psitin (latitude and lngitude) and speed at peridic intervals f ne secnd. Fr this study, data was cllected frm tw stretches in Thiruvananthapuram city: 1. LMS Junctin t East Frt (4 lane divided) 2. Over bridge t Thampanr (4 lane undivided) The details f the study sectins are shwn in Table 1. Table -1: Details f study sectins Sectin Name f Type Presence 1 LMS Junctin- Divided Yes 2 Over bridge- Undivided N Experiments were cnducted using fur cmbinatins f vehicles cmprising f passenger car and three wheeled aut-rickshaw. The fur cmbinatins were namely, three wheeled aut-rickshaw fllwing anther three wheeled aut-rickshaw (A-A), passenger car fllwing anther passenger car (C-C), three wheeled aut-rickshaw fllwing a passenger car (C-A) and passenger car fllwing a three wheeled aut-rickshaw (A-C). Data was cllected during peak time f the day and three runs were cnducted fr each vehicle cmbinatin. Driver f the lead vehicle was asked t 218, IRJET Impact Factr value: ISO 91:28 Certified Jurnal Page 32

3 :29:44 :29:2 :3: :3:8 :3:16 :3:24 :3:32 :3:4 :3:48 :3:6 :31:4 :31:12 :31:2 :31:28 :31:36 :31:44 :31:2 :32: :12:1 :13:41 :14:31 :1:21 :16:11 :17:1 :17:1 :18:41 :19:31 :2:21 :21:11 :22:1 :22:1 :23:41 :24:31 :2:21 :26:11 Internatinal Research Jurnal f Engineering and Technlgy (IRJET) e-issn: Vlume: Issue: 9 Sep p-issn: fllw the traffic stream and the fllwing vehicle driver t fllw the lead vehicle withut vertaking. It was ensured that the drivers selected fr the study were nt aware f the bjectives f the study. They were in the age grup f 2 t 3 years. Data sets cntaining extrusin f ther vehicles between lead and fllwing vehicles were excluded. GPS data was extracted using Map Surce sftware. Velcity and psitin at secnd by secnd intervals were btained. The data was then imprted t Micrsft Excel and the psitin and speed data f the leader vehicle were matched with the crrespnding fllwer data and merged int a single data set. Duratin f data cllectin fr each cmbinatin f vehicle type cnsidered fr analysis is given in Table 2. Table -2: Duratin f data cllectin fr each cmbinatin f vehicle types Lead vehicle Fllwing vehicle Sectin 1 Ttal duratin (secnds) Sectin 2 A A C C Table -3: Sample data fr lead vehicle (Passenger Car) and fllwing vehicle (Passenger Car) fr divided sectin. DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS Speed and space headways are btained fr all the different cmbinatins f lead-fllwing vehicle pairs fr the divided and undivided sectins. These values are then used fr further analysis..1 Velcity- Time Relatinships The speed prfiles f lead vehicle (LV) and fllwing vehicle (FV) fr different cmbinatins f vehicles were pltted and are given in charts C A 28 A C LV (A) 4.2 Cmputatin f Space Headway TIME (S) The GPS data btained frm the leader and fllwer vehicles were synchrnised t get the infrmatin f the leader and fllwer at every instant. Fr any given instant the space headway between the tw vehicles i.e. the distance frm the frnt f the lead vehicle t the frnt f the fllwer vehicle, is calculated frm the psitin (latitude and lngitude) f the leader and fllwer using the equatin 1: Space headway, d= (X2+Y2 ) (1) where, X= Lngitude cs (Latitude) here, Latitude= (Latitude lead+ Latitude fllwer)/2 Y= Latitude and R= radius f Earth (6371km) Acceleratin f a vehicle is calculated by differentiatin f speeds. A sample f the fully cmpiled data btained after the cmputatin f space headway is shwn in Table 3 Chart1a- Speed -Time prfile fr Aut rickshaw fllwing anther Aut rickshaw in divided sectin LV (A) Chart1b -Speed - Time prfiles fr Aut rickshaw fllwing anther Aut rickshaw in undivided sectin 218, IRJET Impact Factr value: ISO 91:28 Certified Jurnal Page 321

4 :4:3 :4:1 :4:27 :4:39 :4:1 ::3 ::1 ::27 ::39 ::1 :6:3 :6:1 :6:27 :6:39 :6:1 :7:3 :7:1 :7:27 4:2: 4:3:2 4:3: 4:4:2 4:4: 4::2 4:: 4:6:2 4:6: 4:7:2 4:7: 4:8:2 4:8: 4:9:2 4:9: ::2 :: :36:7 :37:7 :37:17 :37:27 :37:37 :37:47 :37:7 :38:7 :38:17 :38:27 :38:37 :38:47 :38:7 :39:7 :39:17 :39:27 :39:37 :39:47 :36:2 :36:22 :36:42 :37:2 :37:22 :37:42 :38:2 :38:22 :38:42 :39:2 :39:22 :39:42 :4:2 :4:22 :4:42 :41:2 :41:22 :41:42 :2:2 :2:32 :3:2 :3:32 :4:2 :4:32 ::2 ::32 :6:2 :6:32 :7:2 :7:32 :8:2 :8:32 :9:2 :9:32 :1:2 :1:32 :11:2 :11:32 :12:2 :12:32 :23:28 :23:6 :24:24 :24:2 :2:2 :2:48 :26:16 :26:44 :27:12 :27:4 :28:8 :28:36 :29:4 :29:32 :3: :3:28 :3:6 :31:24 :31:2 :32:2 Internatinal Research Jurnal f Engineering and Technlgy (IRJET) e-issn: Vlume: Issue: 9 Sep p-issn: LV (C) LV (A) Chart 2a -Speed - Time prfiles fr Car fllwing anther Car in divided sectin LV (C) Chart4a -Speed - Time prfiles fr Car fllwing Aut rickshaw in divided sectin LV (A) Chart 2b- Speed - Time prfiles fr Car fllwing anther Car in undivided sectin LV (C) Chart 3a Speed -Time prfiles fr Aut rickshaw fllwing Car in divided sectin Chart 4b- Speed - Time prfiles fr Car fllwing Aut rickshaw in undivided sectin Charts 1-4 clearly indicate that the speed f the fllwing vehicle is significantly affected by the speed f the lead vehicle suggesting the existence f car-fllwing behaviur in hetergeneus traffic cnditins als. The mean speeds f the leader and fllwing vehicle at sectin 1 and sectin 2 fr different cmbinatins f leader and fllwer vehicle types are shwn in Tables 4 and. These mean speeds indicate a strng crrelatin between the speeds f leader and fllwer vehicle types indicating the existence f car fllwing behaviur. Table -4: Cmparisn f mean speed at divided sectin LV (C) Vehicle cmbinatins Mean speed km/h Lead vehicle Fllwing vehicle A-A C-C C-A Chart 3b -Speed - Time prfiles fr Aut rickshaw fllwing Car in undivided sectin A-C , IRJET Impact Factr value: ISO 91:28 Certified Jurnal Page 322

5 RELATIVE SPEED (km/hr) RELATIVE RELATIVE RELATIVE RELATIVE RELATIVE Internatinal Research Jurnal f Engineering and Technlgy (IRJET) e-issn: Vlume: Issue: 9 Sep p-issn: Table- : Cmparisn f mean speed at undivided Vehicle cmbinatins sectin Mean speed km/h Lead vehicle Fllwing vehicle A-A C-C C-C C-A A-C Relative Speed- Space Headway Relatinships Chart 6a- Relative speed Vs. Space headway prfile fr Car fllwing anther Car in divided sectin 1 The mst effective way f analysing car fllwing behaviur is thrugh plts f spacing versus. speed. The space headway and the relative speed frm the fur different vehicle cmbinatins are extracted frm the data. Relative speed is calculated as the difference between the speed f the lead and fllwing vehicles. The plts between space headway and relative speed fr the different vehicle cmbinatins btained frm the study are shwn in charts C-C Chart a -Relative speed Vs. Space headway prfile fr Aut rickshaw fllwing anther Aut rickshaw in divided sectin A-A Chart.6b -Relative speed Vs. Space headway prfile fr Car fllwing anther Car in undivided sectin C-A Chart b- Relative speed Vs. Space headway prfile fr Aut rickshaw fllwing anther Aut rickshaw in undivided sectin A-A Chart 7a- Relative speed Vs. Space headway prfile fr Aut rickshaw fllwing Car in divided sectin Chart.7b- Relative speed Vs. Space headway prfile fr Aut rickshaw fllwing Car in undivided sectin C-A 218, IRJET Impact Factr value: ISO 91:28 Certified Jurnal Page 323

6 RELATIVE RELATIVE Internatinal Research Jurnal f Engineering and Technlgy (IRJET) e-issn: Vlume: Issue: 9 Sep p-issn: A-C Table- 6: Cmparisn f mean space headway f divided and undivided sectins Vehicle cmbinatins Mean space headway Divided Sectin (m) Undivided Sectin (m) A-A C-C C-A A-C Chart.8a -Relative speed Vs. Space headway prfile fr Car fllwing Aut rickshaw in divided sectin Chart.8b- Relative speed Vs. Space headway prfile fr Car fllwing Aut rickshaw in undivided sectin.3 Analysis f Space Headway Frm the relative speed Vs. space headway plts it can be seen that in each plt the space headway tends t cncentrate r spiral twards a pint which can be interpreted as the desired space headway ([]Tm and Ravishankar, 21). This supprts the previus bservatin by Tm and Ravishankar in their car fllwing study cnducted using data cllected frm Eastern and Western express highways in Mumbai, India in the year 21. The Figures -8 imply that the separatin at which a vehicle pair stabilizes is nt actually a cnstant but scillates (drifts) arund a desired distance ([]Tm and Ravishankar, 21). The mean space headways f varius vehicle type cmbinatins fr the sectins 1 and 2 are shwn in Table 6. A-C Frm Table 6, it is seen that the space headway is different fr different vehicle cmbinatins. The Table 6 als indicates that space headway is higher in divided sectin cmpared t the undivided sectin. This wuld be due t mre disciplined traffic in the divided sectin. As a result f this disciplined mvement the drivers are able t maintain a desired r safe gap. Frm the Table 6 it can als be seen that space headway is less fr aut fllwing car cmbinatin. The reasn fr this might be due t the aggressive behavir f drivers..4 Hysteresis Analysis Traffic hysteresis is characterized by the retardatin in the recvery f speed as vehicles emerge frm a kinematic disturbance, resulting in a greater spacing during acceleratin fr a given speed as cmpared t deceleratin [1](Ahn, 21). This characteristic f individual spacing preferences and reactin times appears in the frm f lping strings f data pints n speed versus spacing plts. The lps represent the reactin f a fllwing car t sme frm f speed disturbance[4] (Shekletn, 22). Previus studies have defined the hysteresis effect as sequences where a fllw drivers spacing during perids f acceleratin is significantly larger than their spacing during a preceding r fllwing perid f deceleratin. This characteristic is attributed t an individual lag in driver reactin time [4](Shekletn, 22). In rder t examine the existence f hysteresis in hetergeneus traffic cnditins and t quantify hysteresis, fr each pair f vehicles, the space headway-speed relatinship f the fllwing vehicles is examined during a cycle f deceleratin fllwed by acceleratin. If traffic hysteresis is present, the acceleratin branch shuld exhibit a larger spacing than the deceleratin branch fr a given speed; i.e., the spacing vs. speed shuld display a clckwise lp. These relatinships which are in the frm f hysteresis lps are illustrated in Figures , IRJET Impact Factr value: ISO 91:28 Certified Jurnal Page 324

7 Internatinal Research Jurnal f Engineering and Technlgy (IRJET) e-issn: Vlume: Issue: 9 Sep p-issn: Chart -9a: Hysteresis lps fr Aut rickshaw fllwing anther Aut rickshaw in divided sectin 1 Chart 11a Hysteresis lp fr Aut rickshaw fllwing Car in divided sectin Chart.9b Hysteresis lp fr Aut rickshaw fllwing anther Aut rickshaw in undivided sectin 2 Chart.11b Hysteresis lp fr Aut rickshaw fllwing Car in undivided sectin Chart 1a Hysteresis lp fr Car fllwing anther Car in divided sectin 1 Chart-12a :Hysteresis lp fr Car fllwing Aut rickshaw in divided sectin Chart-1b :Hysteresis lp fr Car fllwing anther Car in undivided sectin Chart12b Hysteresis lp fr Car fllwing Aut rickshaw in undivided sectin 218, IRJET Impact Factr value: ISO 91:28 Certified Jurnal Page 32

8 Internatinal Research Jurnal f Engineering and Technlgy (IRJET) e-issn: Vlume: Issue: 9 Sep p-issn: Quantificatin f Hysteresis Hysteresis is quantified as the average difference in spacing ver the span f a lp. Fr this the area f each lp is btained by summing the area f individual trapezids bunded by neighburing speed measurements, as illustrated in Chart13. Then fr each case, the average difference in spacing, s is cmputed as the area divided by the speed span, v [1](Ahn, 21). Chart 13 Measurement f Hysteresis by Calculating Area f the Lp Surce : Ahn, (21) Using this methd hysteresis is quantified fr all the different cmbinatins and is tabulated as given in Table 7. Table- 7 :Hysteresis values fr different vehicle cmbinatins Vehicle cmbinatins Frm the hysteresis values btained it can be seen that the difference in spacing is different fr different vehicle cmbinatins. This spacing is almst a vehicle length and it is fund t be lesser fr vehicle cmbinatins invlving autrickshaw. The hysteresis value is seen t be higher in divided lanes. This may be due t the higher space headway in divided sectins. 6. CONCLUSIONS Divided Sectin (m) Un Divided Sectin (m) A-A C-C C-A A-C The study n car fllwing dynamics is useful fr capacity analysis, safety research and traffic simulatin. An understanding f the car-fllwing behaviur in hetergeneus traffic cnditins is needed t mdel the exact vehicular behavir simulating studies fr better results. This study investigates car-fllwing behavir in urban 4 lane divided and undivided rads with mixed traffic in a develping cuntry, India. The cnclusins that can be drawn frm the study are: Velcity-time graphs indicated that car fllwing behaviur existed in mixed traffic cnditins. Space headway was als fund t be different fr different vehicle cmbinatins. It was fund t be maximum fr autrickshaw fllwing car cmbinatin in the divided sectin and car fllwing autrickshaw in the undivided sectin. Space headway was minimum fr autrickshaw fllwing autrickshaw in the divided sectin and autrickshaw fllwing car cmbinatin in the undivided sectin. Space headway was seen t be higher in divided sectin since traffic was mre disciplined and as a result the drivers were able t maintain a safe gap. Space headway was fund t be less fr aut fllwing car cmbinatin. This was because this aut rickshaw was driven very aggressively which was an bservatin specifically nted during data cllectin. When speed -spacing relatinships were pltted they frmed lping strings. This bservatin made it evident that hysteresis effect did exist in hetergeneus traffic cnditins. Hysteresis was quantified and it was fund t be different fr different vehicle cmbinatins and higher in divided lane cmpared t undivided lane. The highest values f hysteresis were fund fr car fllwing car cmbinatin fr bth the divided (4.9 m) and undivided (3.23m) sectins. This may be due t the higher space headway fr the car fllwing car cmbinatin. REFERENCES [1] Ahn, S., Vadlamani, S., (21), Driver characteristics and their impact n traffic hysteresis and stp-and-g scillatins. Presentatin at the Summer Meeting f the Transprtatin Research Bard, Annecy, France, pp.1-2. [2] Ranjitkar, P., Nakatsuji, T., and Kawamura, A., (2), Experimental Analysis f Car Fllwing Dynamics and Traffic Stability., 84th Annual Meeting, Transprtatin Research Bard Washingtn D.C. N. 1934, pp [3] Ravishankar, K.V.R., Tm V. Mathew., (211), Vehicletype dependent car-fllwing mdel fr hetergeneus traffic cnditins. Jurnal f Transprtatin Engineering, ASCE, Vl.1, pp [4] Shekletn, S., (22), A GPS Study f Car Fllwing Thery. Undergraduate hnurs prject at UNSW, UNSW Schl f Civil and Envirnmental Engineering [] Tm V. Mathew, Ravishankar, K.V.R., (21), A review f car-fllwing behaviur in hetergeneus traffic cnditins. Highway Research Jurnal, Indian Rads cngress, pp , IRJET Impact Factr value: ISO 91:28 Certified Jurnal Page 326

9 Internatinal Research Jurnal f Engineering and Technlgy (IRJET) e-issn: Vlume: Issue: 9 Sep p-issn: [6] Tm V. Mathew, Ravishankar, K.V.R., (212), Neural netwrk based vehicle-fllwing mdel fr mixed traffic cnditins. Eurpean Transprt \ Trasprti Eurpei, Issue 2, pp [7] Wlshn, B. and Hatipkarasulu, Y., (2). Results f car fllwing analyses using glbal psitining system. Jurnal f Transprtatin Engineering, ASCE, Vl. 126, N. 4, , IRJET Impact Factr value: ISO 91:28 Certified Jurnal Page 327