X Iron: the hidden element

Transcription

1 X Iron: the hidden element Railways The world at the turn of the century Steam Railways in Britain

2 The world at the turn of the century Firth-of-Forth rail bridge, m, tonnes of steel The world at the turn of the century Poor housing: London, ca Drawing: Gustave Doré

3 The best of iron technology Cast and forged iron house, made in Russia, exposed at world fair (now in city museum Yekaterinburg) Photograph: D. Hamels Well-known names Alexandre Gustave Eiffel

4 Well-known names Sir Henry Bessemer Bessemer s autobiography Well-known names... Andrew Carnegie Steel town Pittsburgh USA: Geography, NL-America Inst., 1972

5 Carnegie for peace... Palace of Peace The Hague Well-known names... Alfred Krupp Sir Henry Bessemer, Father of the Steel Industry Essen steel plant, ± 1910

6 Iron ore production per capita kg 300 United Kingdom Germany France Year Steel for electricity Generator room of melting plant, 1895

7 Well-known names... Henry Ford Time-Life World History The world at the turn of the century Titanic Mauretania Captain Grant Tobacco Pictures

8 Hr. Ms. Brabant Warfare: battle ships Winkler Prins Encyclopedia Warfare: tank Use of tank in the battle of Cambrai, 1917 Winkler Prins Encyclopedia

9 Hoogovens site, ca Steel on sea Hoogovens Jubilee book Hr. Ms. Hood Warfare: battle ships Report on the 2nd World War Amsterdam, 1970

10 Tall ships Queen Mary Queen Elizabeth Captain Grant Tobacco Pictures Well-known names... Josef Stalin Winkler Prins Encyclopedia

11 Closed to foreigners: Magnitogorsk Stephen Kotkin, Steeltown USSR, Berkeley, 1991 Closed to foreigners: Magnitogorsk Female steel workers Stephen Kotkin, Steeltown USSR, Berkeley, 1991

12 Closed to foreigners: Yekaterinburg Remains of old metals plant Photographs: D. Hamels Development of steel production in Germany Mt 20 Crude steel production

13 Production of steel in Germany in Mt 60 Crude steel production Wirtschatfsvereinigung Stahl, Düsseldorf 1999 Building Liberty ships Steel for Liberty Report on the 2nd World War Amsterdam, 1970

14 Steel properties Well-known names... Sir Winston Churchill The iron curtain Winkler Prins Encyclopedia

15 Well-known names... George Marshall Winkler Prins Encyclopedia Hoogovens No. 1 hot strip mill 1953 Steel on sea Hoogovens archives

16 Changing philospophy of the winners American engineers at Yawata works Iron and Steel Institute of Japan Production (o) and employment (x) in the Japanese steel industry (175 = 100) Employment effects The steel industry in the new millennium (Inst. of Materials)

17 Well-known names... Robert Schuman Hoogovens Jubilee book ECSC R&D expenditure ECSC STEEL RTD PROGRAMME - Funding from 1955 to 1999 Research Projects Pilot/Demonstration Projects FUNDING / Meuro ECSC, Bruxelles

18 Silicon age, STONE AGE (~ years) BRONZE AGE (~ 1800 years) IRON AGE (~ 3200 years) SILICON AGE 3000 BC 1200 BC BC A D S. Sze, L.C. Feldman, private communication Publications/Year 20,000 10,000 Publications on silicon and iron ,000 1,000 1, Year

19 Well-known names... Lady Margaret Thatcher PPl Photoagency, London Club of Rome report 1972 Scarce natural resources

20 Relationship GNP and steel consumption Tonnes of steel 0,8 0,6 0,4 0, Club of Rome report GNP per capita (1958 US dollars) Steel consumption per capita Kg/a 1968 Club of Rome report Sweden West-Germany Japan USSR UK Poland Italy France Spain US 100 Brazil China Mexico 0 Var Turkey India GNP per capita-1968 ($ per person per year)

21 Recycling potential of Steel IISI Web page North Sea drilling platform Get the oil where it is! Winkler Prins Encyclopedia

22 Get the oil where it is! Tanker port and refinery near Rotterdam Rotterdam 650 years Energy consumption per tonne of finished steel Year Source of data: EUROFER

23 Employment in the steel industry in various countries (1975 = 100) Employment effects The steel industry in the new millennium (Inst. of Materials) World crude steel production in the 20th century Mt/a Year IISI Web page

24 ULSAB prototype car Shifting the limits: cars Shifting the limits: ships Nuclear submarine Nautilus Captain Grant Tobacco Pictures

25 Shifting the limits: bridges Forth road and rail bridges Bridges by D.J. Brown, London 1996 Shifting the limits: bridges Golden Gate bridge Bridges by D.J. Brown London, 1996

26 Akashi Strait Bridge (Japan) m long centre span 1990 m Shifting the limits: bridges Bridges by D.J. Brown London, 1996 Shifting the limits: bridges Kurushima Kaikyo Bridges: 3 linked bridges with centre spans of 600, 1020 and 1030 m Nippon Steel news

27 Steel for fun Meccano catalogue Steel for fun Photograph: Ed Louwen, Corus R&D

28 Steel for fun: the London Eye PPL Photoagency, London Iron: the key element